1.INTRODUCTION :-
Euphorbia neriifolia is a
species of spurge, which was origrinally described by Carl Linnaeus in 1753.[1]
Sehund (Eurphobia neriifolia Linn.) popularly known as Indian Spurge Tree,
Oleander Spurge, Hedge Euphorbia, Sehundah (Ayurveda) and Ilachevikalli
(Siddha) belongs to the family Euphorbiaceae. It is attributed with properties
such as Ushnaveerya (hot), Snigdha (oily), Katu (pungent), and Laghu
(light)[2].
Sehund is a large
succulent shrub, with stipular thorns and is found in throughout the Deccan
peninsula of India. It is believed to be a native of India and Deccan peninsula
is the country of origin (South India). It is commonly found in rock ground,
among rock crevices of hills; extensively cultivated in the Bengal for hedges
and elsewhere in native villages [3]. Today, it is widely distributed
throughout the world. Sehund has been given various names in different regions
and languages. The more common local names of Sehund are Shij (Bengal), Dog’s Tongue
(English), Thor (Gujarati), Ilakkalli (Malayalam), Siju (Oriya), Danda Thohar
(Punjab), Dotathur (Rajputana), Snuhi (Sanskrit), Zaqqum (Urdu) [4,5]. Thuhar
(Euphorbia neriifolia) is a drug of herbal origin, which has been a part of
traditional Healthcare in most parts of the world for thousands of years. The
specific name, neriifolia, Means “Leaves like an oleander.” There are over 1500
species of Euphorbia’s’ family in the World ranging from annual weeds to trees.
Euphorbia neriifolia is an herb full of spine, Popularly known as ‘sehund’ or
thuhar. It is also called milk hedge in English. As a significant Medicinal
plant, the traditional use of Euphorbia neriifolia for curing many disease has
a long
History has effectively
been employed for the treatment of various ailments like hudar (rheumatism)
irqunnisa (sciatica) niqrous (gout) warm-eshobatein (bronchitis)
warm-e-tihal,Waja-ul-uzn (otalgia), iltehab (inflammatory conditions),
zeeq-un-nafs (asthma) bars (leucoderma) etc. (Ahmed et al., 2011; Kabiruddin,
2000; Hakeem,2002; Sharma et al.,2011; Kirtikar and Basu, 2005; Anonymous,1992)
[6,7,8,9,10,11]
Synonyms:
-
Euphorbia neriifolia Linn
is morphologically similar with a number of other species from genus Euphorbia,
such as Euphorbia ligularia Roxb., Euphorbia antiquorum Linn. (Tridhara
sehunda), Euphorbia nivulia Buch. (Ham), Euphorbia royleana Boiss. (Thuhara), Euphorbia
tirucalli Linn. (Kanda snuhi), Euphorbia caducifolia Haines. And Euphorbia
trigona Haw (Tridhana sehunda bheda)[12]
Biological
source :-
Euphorbia is a very large
and diverse genus of flowering plants, commonly called spurge, in the family
Euphorbiaceae. “Euphorbia” is sometimes used in ordinary English to
collectively refer to all members of Euphorbiaceae (in deference to the type
genus), not just to members of the genus.[13]
Chemical
constituents :-
It is reported to have
chemical constituents like, neriifolin-S, neriifolin, neriifoliene, euphol,
neriifolione, cycloartenol, nerifoliol, lectin, euphonerins A-G, 3-O-acetyl-8-O-tigloylingol,
taraxerol, antiquorin, etc.[14]
Cultivation
needs :-
Euphorbia neriifolia
plants need proper sunlight for their better growth but they can also adapt to
grow in the shade as well. They are also found to grow in dry places over the
rocky areas in the drained soil of the different villages in India. They
quickly grow into large trees without the requirement of any maintenance within
a 3–5 year time period. Watering them on a regular basis is required during the
growth season (March to September), but collection of water near the root area
should not be allowed and they should be kept completely dry in the winter
season[15]
Seasonal
Collection of Crude Drugs :-
According to Charak
samhita, different seasons for the collection of different parts of E.
neriifolia are mentioned in Table 3. As per Sushrut Samhita, the most
preferable time of collection for E. neriifolia fruit is the summer season
(Grishmaritu), for latex is the early winter (Hemantritu), for the bark is the
autumn season (Sharadritu), for the leaves is the rainy season (Varsharitu),
and for the roots is before the rainy
season
(Pravrutaritu).[16]
Traditional
uses :-
The plant has been used
in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. A Traditional uses of E. neriifolia (Sehund) as per
Ayurveda are – to Improve digestion strength (deepana); induces server
purgation (rechana); useful in treating disorders of veta-dosha imbalance Such
as neuralgia, paralysis, constipation, bloating, etc; unctuous Oily (snigdha);
light to digest (leghu); etc[17]
a. The leaf of E.
neriifolia is heated and tied over the area affected with pain and
inflammation.
b. The fresh juice from
the leaf is poured inside the ears to treat earache, to defrost skin warts, and
in arthritis. The milk latex of Euphorbia neriifolia is applied over warts as
part of Treatment.
c. Oil processed from the
leaf of E. neriifolia and sesame oil is used for external application to treat
joint pain.
d. The paste of the leaf
of E. neriifolia is applied over the skin to treat skin diseases.
e. The vaidhyas from
ancient times used to use the milky Juice exuded from the injured stems as
drastic cathartic and To relieve earache. They are used as a drastic purgative
in the enlargement of liver and spleen, syphilis, dropsy, general Anasarca,
leprosy, etc. It has been found beneficial for asthma [18,19]
f. Latex is acrid,
laxative, pungent and good for tumours, Abdominal troubles and leucoderma. It
is also used as a Purgative, rubefacient, carminative, expectorant, whooping
Cough, gonorrhoea, dropsy, leprosy, asthma, dyspepsia, Jaundice, enlargement of
the spleen, colic and stone in the Bladder. It is use to remove cutaneous
eruptions and warts. It Is liable to cause dermatitis [20,21]. The dried juice
with some Other ingredients used as a drastic purgative in the enlargement Of
liver and spleen, syphilis, dropsy, general anasarca, leprosy, Etc. Juice is
largely used with clarified or fresh butter as an Application to unhealthy
ulcers and scabies i.e. it is used for Cleansing the abdomen in cases of
poisoning and in severe Constipation. When applied to glandular swellings it
prevents Suppuration. Mixed with margosa oil it is applied to rheumatic Limbs.
The fresh milk latex of euphorbia neriifolia is used in the Preparation of
‘Kshara sutra’, applied for the medicated thread Useful to treat piles and fistula
or over external pile mass to Reduce it. Turmeric powder mixed with the juice
of Euphorbia Neriifolia is recommended to be applied on piles. Thread steeped
In the above mentioned mixture is used in ligaturing external Haemorrhoids
[22,23]
MORPHOLOGY:-
E. neriifolia is a
glabrous, erect branching succulent xerophytic tree or shrub that grows to a
height of 20 feet (1.8–4.5 m) with jointed cylindrical or obscurely 5-angled
branches [24].E. neriifolia is quite similar to E. nivulia but may be
identified by the location of the thorns,Which, in the former, sprout from
warty
nodes, whereas they
sprout from flat corky patches bin the latter [25].
• LEAVE :-
young leaves are dark
green in color and have a leathery feel (Figure 1). Peri-Clinical sections at
the third and fourth layers of the peripheral meristem initiate the leaves
[26].
Figure 1. Different parts
(leaves, latex, fruits, and flowers) of the Euphorbia neriifolia plant.
• INVOLUCRES :-
Yellowish involucres
emerge in clusters of three to seven in a cyme, generally in threes, on a very
small fleshy peduncle of around 3.8 mm in length. The lateral flowers in the
involucre are pedicelled and bisexual, whereas the center blooms are typically
male andSessile. Male involucre, 2- bracteate, bearing a bisexual involucre in
the bract axils, the Opposing bracts of which may carry a peduncle each and are
3-lobed with a serrated central lobe. Involucre lobes are widely cuneate and
fimbriate, and anthers are sagittate and Apiculate, similar to those ofE.
nivulia [27].
• FLOWERS :-
Male and female flowers
occur concurrently inside the same bunch. On slender,Inflexible, and forked peduncles,
three to seven flowered cymes or panicles develop laterallyIn the axils of the
top leaves. Globose are 1.5–2 mm × 4–5 mm in size, reddish and flattened,
Noticeable in groups of trees, the center one is subsessile, the lateral ones
have a 6–7 mm Peduncle, 5 mm oblong, 1–3 mm broad cyathial glands although the
corolla is lacking, The involucres are adorned with two roughly round to oval,
bright crimson bracts about3–7 mm in length. Theinflorescence, or cluster of
flowers on the plant, is of the cyathiumType (one female flower and numerous
male flowers are present in the same bunch) [28].
• FRUITS :-
Fruits resemble capsules.
Three-fid style, stigmas somewhat dilated, smooth, ten to Twelve millimeters in
diameter, and minutely serrated. They appear in a variety of climatesAnd are
only visible in February and March [29].
• SEEDS :-
Seed are flat and covered
with fine hairs [30].
• BRANCH :-
The saccular branches are
characterized by a pair of robust stipular spines on the tubercles of
branchlet, which are confluent in five vertical spinal lines or ribs. Branches
become increasingly obtusely 5-gonous in segmentation.Throughoutthe
plasto-chronicStages, the central meristem is prominent. The central and
peripheral meristems have a Tight histogenic connection. Reticulate bark covers
the trunk [31].
• STIPPULAR THORNS :-
The spines are small,
about 4–12 mm long, grayish brown to black in color, pointed, and Persistent,
emerging from short conical truncate distant, and spirally organized
tubercles2–5 mm tall and 2–3 cm separated [32].
• GLANDS :-
Glands are transversely
oblong and yellow [33].
• POWDER :-
The powder is a creamy
golden color. It has epidermal pieces with straight wall sand an abundance of
actinocytic and few paracytic stomata. Simple striated cuticle cells With
branching laticiferous capillaries as well as granules of starch in the form of
a dumb-Bell. When powdered, many stone cells were identified. They are made up
of fibers with thick and thin walls, as well as sclereids that originate from
the spine. The powder was Dissolved in glycerin and colored with iodine,
phloroglucinol, strong hydrochloric acid, and Sudan III. The leaf powder
contains abundant calcium oxalate crystals and starch grains Withidioplasmic,
rosette, square, prismatic, and acicular shapes. Additionally, the powder Had
well-organized annular arteries, anomocytic stomata, and a unicerrate
multicellularTrichome with a blunt apex. Schizogonous cells,
polyhedral or acutely
angled starch grains, And lignified xylem fibers were found in the epidermal
cells, spongy parenchyma, xylem Parenchyma, and vittae-volatile. After
treatment with HCl, the calcium oxalate crystals Change form from acicular to
needle-shaped [34].
• LATEX :-
Latex is a milky sap-like
fluid present in cells and arteries that is often injected follow-Ing tissue
damage that occur during the laticiferous system’s formation [35].
• TAXONOMY :-
The plant belongs to the
Eukaryota domain, Plantae kingdom, Magnoliophyta division,Spermatophyte
super-division, Magnoliopsida class, Rosidae sub-class, Euphorbiales
order,Euphorbiaceae family, Euphorbia genus, and the Euphorbia neriifolia Linn.
Species [36].
3.PHARMACOLOGICAL
ACTIVITYS :-
• ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY
OF E.neriifolia & ITS CONSTITUENT :-
Various extracts of E.
neriifolia were observed to exert significant antimicrobial activ-Ities against
a wide range of human pathogens (Figure 2). Moreover, some of the major
Phytochemicals obtained from the plant showed tremendous activities against
different Bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites [37,38,39].
Figure 2. Antimicrobial
activities of the major phytochemicals obtained from E. neriifolia.
• ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITYS
:-
Investigated the
antibacterial properties of plant extracts using Microbiological methods,
specifically measuring the zones of growth inhibition of threeRepresentative
bacteria in the presence of the extracts, namely Pseudomonas aeruginosa,
Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus. The antibacterial activity of
ethanol extract of Leaves and petroleum ether extract of pod are greater
against the growth of E. coli than
Against the growth of S. aureus
and P. aeruginosa. This suggests that E. coli-related disorders, Such as wound
infections and epidemic infantile diarrhea, may be treated well with these
extracts from the leaves and pods. An additional study found that leaf extract
had strongHemopoietic activity and enhanced the survival rate of rats when
exposed to E. coli-induced Abdominal sepsis [40].
• ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY :-
Skin infections are
mostly caused by Candida albicans, Candida neoformans, Epidermo-Phyton
flocossum, Melassezia furfur, Trychophyton tonsurans, etc. According to
preliminary Results, E. neriifolia may have slowed the spread of Candida
tropicalize and Candida albicans in The laboratory [41] Latex milk with
Chitosan at 60μL dose reduced the percentage of spore germination In Aspergillus
fumigates, Aspergillums flavus, and Mucor[42].In another study, antifungal
activity of methanolic extract of stem showed significant Zone of inhibition
against Aspergillus niger (14 mm) and Candida albicans (12 mm) [43].
• ANTIPARASITIC ACTIVITYS
:-
Helminthiasis is
widespread throughout the world but is more prevalent in under-Developed
nations with
less maintained personal
and environmental hygiene. Numerous Helminthes reside in the human
gastrointestinal tract, but others can live in connective Tissue. They cause
harm to the host by depriving them of food, inducing blood loss, causing Organ
damage, obstructing the intestinal or lymphatic system, and secreting different
types Of toin compounds [98]Another study discovered that the leaves and latex
of E. neriifolia were utilized to cure helminthiasis. E. neriifolia was used
efficiently in a blend with several other herbal plants to treat helminthiasis.
Swargiary also listed 64 plants that were used to treat helminthiasis in
traditional medicine system of India [44].
• ANTIVIRAL ACTIVITY :-
There has been an
increase in Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) transmission from Africa And the Indian
subcontinent to Southeast
Asia, across the Indian Ocean, Caribbean islands, and Central and South America
because of the worldwide expansion of the mosquito Vectors Aedes aegypti and
Aedes albopictus. [45,46].
In another study, fifteen
diterpenoids obtained from E. neriifolia were put to the test For their
anti-HIV1 activities. The assay was developed by Chen, according to a feasible
And reliable method where Zidovudine (AZT) was used as positive control
[47,48].. Drug Concentrations that lower luciferase activity by 50% (EC50) is
considered to haveantiviral Potency. The cytotoxicity of the drugs was assessed
using a CytoTox-Glo cytotoxicity Test (Promega). It was discovered that the 50%
of the cytotoxic concentration (CC50) was the concentration at which 50% of
cells died. The ratio of CC50 to EC50 is known as the index (SI).
17-dihydroxyatisan-3-one and eurifoloid R, two of the
chemicals Examined,
showed a clear anti-HIV-1 activity. Both compounds have shown moderate Anti-HIV
effects compared to the standard drug azidothymidine [49].
• ANTI – SARS – CoV2
ACTIVITYS OF E.neriifolia :-
SARS-CoV-2 has been
taking its toll since 2019. Scientists are working intensely to Develop an
efficient therapy for this pandemic. Twenty-three chemicals were recovered From
the ethanolic extract of E. neriifolia leaves, including twenty-two
triterpenoids and One flavonoid glycoside. The anti-human coronavirus (HCoV)
activity of the isolated Triterpenoid was investigated in order to determine
their structure–activity
relationship.3-Friedelanol
was more effective against HCV-229E than the standard actinomycin D,Indicating
the relevance of the friedelane structure as a template for building new
anti-HCoV-229E medicines [50].
CONCLUSION :-
Euphorbia plants are
easily distinguishable by their toxic and highly skin irritant milky latex And
particular inflorescences, designated as cyathia. They are widely used as
ornamental Plants, such as E. milii Des Moul., E. tirucalli L., and E. lactea
Roxb. The latex is the most Valuable product obtained from Euphorbia species despite
being toxic, it contains several Biologically active natural compounds, such as
triterpenoids. Besides, latex is used in Commercially valuable products like
paints and natural rubber (intisy rubber obtained from E. Intisy Drake). They
also have antifungal value. Further studies are needed to be conducted on Them.
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