B.
B. Mangle
Department of
Botany, M. G. Tele Commerce, C. and B. R. Tele Science and K. Tele Management
College, Thalner, Maharashtra.
Abstract: Present
paper deals with the taxonomic account of macrofungus Leucocoprinus
birnbaumii Corda) Singer, growing in clump in the cavity of dead trunk base
of Eucalyptus lanceolatus, L. tree belonging to the family myrtaceae
(Angiosperm) from Nandurbar, Maharashtra State, India. The Fungus was
examined and identified by its complete morphological and microscopical
description of the basidiocarps and rhizomorph of the fungus and it
constitute a new report from the North Maharashtra region of Maharashtra
State, India.
Keywords: Macrofungus,
Agaricaceae, Leucocoprinus bimbaumii, taxonomy, new report, Nandurbar,
North Maharashtra, (India).
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Article History
Received: 22/10/2023
Accepted: 30/10/2023 Published: 01/11/2023
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INTRODUCTION:
The genus Leucocoprinus,
Pat. 1888 [1].belonging to the family Agaricaceae anddistinct
from other
genera of the tribe Leucocoprinae, Singer,1975 [2]. Leucocoprinus birnbaumii was first published as Agaricus luteus Bolton, 1788 [3]
unfortunately, the name Agaricus luteus had
already been published for a different fungus, nonetheless, many popular American
books continued to use the name Lepiota
lutea until the 1980s.[4]. Corda
1839 [5] described the Agaricus luteus, based on specimens as Agaricus birnbaumii from Prague, where
it was found growing in a greenhouse by a garden inspector named Birnbaum, and hence the specific epithet as birnbaumii
honors to Czech gardener. Birnbaum [6]. The species birnbaumii was transferred
to the genus Leucocoprinus
establishing its scientific name as Leucocoprinus
birnbaumii in 1961. Singer, 1962 [7]. This macrofungus is commonly known as
‘Yellow parasol, flower-pot parasol’ [8],“Yellow pleated parasol” [9], “Yellow
house-plant mushroom” [10], “Plant-pot dapperling” [11], “Lemon -yellow
lepiota” [12]. The yellow colour of this mushroom is due to alkaloids known as
Birnbaumins and these alkaloids are known to cause gastric ulcers when consumed
[14]. The genus Leucocoprinus is cosmopolitan in distribution and contains
about 40 species [13].
In India 24 species of the Leucocoprinus are reported from
different regions (18 from Kerala, 2 species each from Maharashtra and
West-Bengal, one each from Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh. Present study
reports Leucocoprinus birnbaumii(Corda)
Singer, as a new record from North Maharashtra region, Maharashtra, as there
was no record in the past. A review of literature shows that, it has been
reported from Nepal, India, Manjula et al, 1983 ,[15]. Kerala Vrinda, et al.,
2003,[16]. Kerala, Arun kumar et al., 2009,[17]. Poland, Wladyslaw, W. and
Dariusz, K. 2010, [18]. Washington, Birkebak, JM.,2010 [19]. Colombia, Ana E.
Franco-Molano, et al. 2010 [20]. Karnataka, Pushapa, H and Purushothama, KB,
2011, 2012 [21],[22]. West-Bengal, Dutta, et al., 2011, [23]. Madhya Pradesh,
Parihar, et al., 2012, [24]. Kerala, Farrok, et al., 2013,[25]. Maharashtra,
Senthilarasu, G. 2014 [26]. Brazil, Nascimento, CC., and Alves, MH. 2014
[27]. Maharashtra, Borkar, et al.,
2015,[28]. Asam, Gogoi, G. and Prakash, V. 2015 [29]. South-west India,
Ammantanda, et al., 2016,[30]. Korea, Soon Ja Seok, et. al., 2016.[32]. Gujrat State, Vasava et al., 2017 [33].
Central India, (M.P.) Verma, RK and Pandro, V. 2018 [34]. Egypt, El-Fallal,
A.A. et. al, 2019 [35]. Sri-Lanka, Adikaram et al., 2020 [36]. Rajsthan,
Chouhan et al., 2021 [37].
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
Collection
site: The study material was collected at the same place during the rainy
season (September, 2011,October 2016 and Aug, 2020) from Nandurbar,
Maharashtra State, India. Nandurbar is
geographically ranging from 21.370 N to 74.250 E and is a
part Deccan plateau situated in northern part of Maharashtra State, standard
protocol was followed for the study of macroscopic and microscopic characters
as given by Atri. et al; 2017 [38]. The colour terminology used is that of
Kornerup and Wanscher, 1978 [39]. The collected fresh specimens were preserved
in a liquid preservative (25:5:70) ml rectified alcohol + formalin + distilled
water) Hawksworth,et al; 1995 [40]. The
morphological and ecological features were noted. Photographs were taken in the
field and laboratory. Fresh specimens
were brought to the laboratory for microscopic observation by cutting free hand
sections staining in Lactophenol Cotton blue. Micromorphological features were
noted at the magnification of x100, x400 and x1000 with the aid of a light/
student microscope. Reagent such as Melzer’s reagent was used to study
amyloidity of basidiospores and other tissues [41]. Camera lucida diagrams were
also made and Microphotographs were taken. The spore shape quotient (Q=L/W) was
calculated considering the mean value of length divided by the width of 30
basidiospores. Some good specimens were deposited at Department of Botany G. T.
Patil college, Nandurbar. Maharashtra.
With SFN 20.
During
the present investigation, authentic names basionym and synonym of the taxa
=Agaricus biranbaumii Corda
Iconis Fungorum hucvsque cognitorum 3:48
(1839).
= Agaricus luteus Bolton, A history of fungusses,Growing about
Halifax 2:50, (1788)
= Lepiota lutea (Bolton) Godfrin Bull. Soc. Mycol. Fr. 13: 33 (1897)
= Leucocoprinus luteus (Bolton) Locq. Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Loyn 14:
93 (1945).
= Agaricus flammula Alb.
& Schwein (1805).
=Lepiotaflammula
(Alb. & Schwein) Gillet, (1874).
= Agaricus flus-sulphuris schnizl, (1851).
= Bolbitius biranbaumii, Sacc
and Traverso in syll. Fung. 19:151,(1910).
= Lepiota flus-sulphuris (Schnizl)
Mattir (1918)
= Leucocoprinus flos-sulphuris (Schnizl)
Cejp, (1948)
= Lepiota aurea Massee. Bull.
Misc. Inf, Kew:189 (1912).
= Lepiota psedolicmophora
Rea. Brit. basidiomyc. (Cambridge) : 74,(1922).
= Lepiota coprinoides Beeli,
(1936).
Classification : Fungi,Basidiomycota,Agaricomycotina,Agaricomycetes,Agaricomycetidae
Agaricales,
Agaricaceae, Leucocoprinus, L. birnbaumii.
Description of species :
Basidiocarps
grow alone or in clusters of 3-5 around the base and in the rotting hardwood
cavity of the tree trunk ( Fig. 2). They are basely connate; small to medium
sized, lepiotoid to coprinoid, concolorous, bright yellow to Sulphur yellow,
but fade with age; pileus hemispherical to parabolic, truncated, pileat,
pruinose with a blunt umbo becoming convex in age, up to 7-5 cm, in diameter.,
margin fragile, crenate, striate to sulcate floccose squamulose, thin; surface
dry., gills (Lamellae) edge sterile,
free from the stipe, crowded, picric yellow, concolorous, delicate., lamellulae
of three different lengths. Flesh
yellow., Stipe central, elongated tapering towards the apex and becoming broad
towards base, brightly yellow,15-19 cm long and1-3cm in diameter., annulus
membranous, evanescent concolorous with stipe, attached to upper third of the
stipe pad of pale yellowish cottony mycelium (rhizomorph) of the base in the
substratum. Spore print white (Fig.3). Basidiospores hyaline, ovoid to
ellipsoid, dextrinoid, truncated apex with distinct germ-pore, 1-4 guttules
(iolglobules), 6.4-9.6 x 4.8-6.4 µm wide (Q= 1.36) ( Fig.4 and Fig.d ). Basidia
surrounded by pseudoparaphyses, bearing four sterigmata (Fig. a,b).,
brachybasidia like 16-28.8 µm long and 4.8-6.4 µm wide, cheilocystedia
dimorphic clavate, ventricose or irregular (Fig.c)., pleurocystedia absent ., clamp connections absent.
Habitat and ecology : Solitary or in clump around or
inside the cavity of dead hard wood.(Fig.1)
Edability: Poisonous, Lange, 1993 [42]., Breitenbach and Kranzlin1995
[43]., Noordeloose et a; 2001.,[44].
Collection examined: India, Maharashtra state, Nandurbar
district, G. T. Patil College campus, around and inside the rotting hardwood of
Eucalyptus lanceolatus, L. (Angiosperm) plant. Sept. 2011, 2016 and 2020. Leg. B. B. Mangle.
Chemical color reaction: Schaeffer's reaction is
negative [45].
Comments / Discussion: This mushroom is a decomposing
mushroom, grows on dead organic matter (Birkeback 2010) [19]. In current study;
it was found growing naturally on dead trunk base of Eucalyptus lanceolatus,
L. tree. The present collection is rare in occurrence. Therefore, it
is being reported for first time from this region. Moreover, it provides new
host record i.e., on rotting hard- wood of Ecalyptus lanceolatus tree.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT: The author wishes to thanks my
family members for their constant support. The author is also thankful to
Chairman, and College authorities for providing laboratory facilities.
CONFLICT OF INTERESTS: The author declares that there is
no conflict of interest.
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Fig 1:Sporophores (Closed cap)
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Fig 2: Sporophores (open cap)
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Fig 3 : Spore print
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Fig 4: Basidiospores
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Fig a) Basidium with Sterigmata
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Fig.
b) Basidium
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Fig.
c) Cheilocystedia
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Fig. d) Basidiospores
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