Calycopteris floribunda Lam.: A Comprehensive Review of its Phytoconstituents, Pharmacological Activities, and Therapeutic Potential

Ranjit Babaso Thavare¹*, Suraj Navnath Waghmode ², Poornima Santoshkumar Toshniwal ³, Piyush Chandrakant Shelar⁴, Dr. Sudarshan Narayan Nagarale⁵

1,2,3 Research Scholar, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Dattakala College of Pharmacy, Swami Chincholi, Bhigwan, Tal. Daund Dist. Pune, Maharashtra, India.

4 Research Scholar, Department of Pharmaceutics, Rajgad Dnyanpeeth’s College of Pharmacy, Bhor, Pune- 412206.              

5 Associate Professor, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Dattakala College of Pharmacy, Swami Chincholi, Bhigwan, Tal. Daund Dist. Pune, Maharashtra, India.

*Correspondence: ranjeetthavare777@gmail.com ; Tel.: (+91-8530682819)

INTRODUCTION

Herbal medicines have been utilized for centuries as a primary source of treatment across various cultures worldwide. Their significance in health care is highlighted by the fact that many traditional medicine systems, including Ayurveda, Traditional Chinese Medicine, and Indigenous practices, rely heavily on plant-based remedies [1]. Despite the rapid advancements in modern pharmaceuticals, a significant portion of the global population continues to turn to these natural therapies for their health needs [2].

The dependence on medicinal plants is not merely a matter of tradition; it is also rooted in their efficacy and safety [1]. Herbal remedies are often perceived as more accessible and affordable alternatives to synthetic drugs, making them particularly important in under-resource areas. Moreover, many people prefer herbal treatments due to their lower incidence of side effects compared to conventional medications. This preference has contributed to a revival of interest in herbal medicine, prompting both consumers and researchers to explore the therapeutic potential of various plant species [3,4].

Despite their widespread use, many medicinal plants remain under-researched from a scientific perspective [5]. While some plants have been extensively studied and validated for their therapeutic properties, others hold unexplored potential that could lead to new treatments for various ailments. The integration of traditional knowledge with modern scientific techniques is essential for discovering this potential and ensuring that these valuable resources are utilized effectively [6,7].

Table 1: Taxonomical Classification [8]

Table 2: Vernacular names of Calycopteris floribunda [8,9]

Synonyms: Getonia floribunda Roxb., Calycopteris nutans var., Getonia nutans Roxb. [10]

Morphology

Calycopteris floribunda Lam., belonging to the family Combretaceae, is a large, woody, climbing shrub. It grows to a length of 5-10 meters, with vines that are about 5-10 cm in diameter. The plant bears grey bark and slender, rust-coloured streaked branches covered with thick fluff [11]. The branches store water, which is used by forest dwellers to quench their thirst during the dry season, earning it the reputation of being a life-saver [12].

Fig. 1: Lianas of Calycopteris floribunda Lam.   

The leaves of Calycopteris floribunda are ovate-lanceolate to elliptic-oblong, measuring 5-12 cm long and 4-6 cm wide [8]. They are acuminate with a rounded base, and their surfaces are covered in fine hairs, with the upper surface being dull green and the lower pale brown. The leaves have a characteristic astringent taste and odour. The petiole is about 0.5-1.0 cm long. New branches are hairy and rust-coloured [11].

Fig. 2: Leaves of Calycopteris floribunda Lam.

The plant produces dense clusters of flowers at the ends of branches. These flowers lack petals, with ten stamens arranged in two whorls of five each. The bracts are ovoid or oval and covered in thick fluff. The fruit inception contains one ventricle and three pendulous ovules. The fluffy, sham-winged fruit, measuring about 8 mm in length, has five edges and five persistent calyxes that enlarge into a fluffy wing of 10-14 mm. The sepals are prominent, hairy, and green [9].

Fig. 3: Flowers of Calycopteris floribunda Lam.   

Calycopteris floribunda flowers and fruits between January and May. The roots, which can be up to 3 cm in diameter, are occasionally attached with rootlets. The root surface is buff-brown to greyish-brown with fine longitudinal wrinkles. The stem pieces are cylindrical, about 8-10 mm thick, with a thin, easily separable bark. Both the stem and leaves are believed to have medicinal properties [11].

Habitat

Calycopteris floribunda thrives in various forest ecosystems, predominantly in tropical and subtropical areas [13]. It is found in moist and dry deciduous forests, including hilly regions, as well as low-lying tropical evergreen forests [9]. Additionally, it adapts to scrub jungles and plains [14]. The species is endemic to tropical forest [15], particularly in areas influenced by the Indian Ocean warm current, such as the mountains of west Yunnan Province, which are characterized by acidic lateritic soils [13].

Distribution

Calycopteris floribunda has a wide global distribution, mainly across tropical and subtropical regions of South and Southeast Asia [15]. It is native to countries such as China, Bangladesh, India, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam, and is also found in the Malesia region, including parts of Malaya and Indonesia [16]. In India, its distributed across several regions, including Assam, Bihar, Maharashtra, Goa, Odisha, and the Malabar region of South India, covering Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and the Andaman Islands [17,18,19].

Phytoconstituents

The leaves of Calycopteris floribunda contain a variety of phytoconstituents, including tannins, flavanols, octacosanol, sitosterol, ellagic acid, gossypol, quercetin, and proanthocyanidin. The flavonoids present are calycopterin, calycopterin methyl ester, and oxymethyl calycopterin. These compounds are responsible for pharmacological activity such as anthelmintic, antiviral and antiproliferative activity [12,20].

Notably, certain flavonoids such as calycopterone, isocalycopterone, and 4-dimethyl-calycopterone have shown significant activity against solid tumour cell lines, suggesting their potential in anticancer therapies [17,18]. Additionally, two new flavonols 40-hydroxy-6,7,8,30-tetramethoxyflavonol and 40-hydroxy-6,7,8-trimethoxyflavonol along with the known flavonol pachypodol, have been isolated from the leaves [21].

In an organic extract of Calycopteris floribunda leaves, various flavonoids have been identified, including 6″-demethoxyneocalycopterone, calyflorenone C, 6″-epi-calyflorenone B and C, calyflorenone D, neocalycopterone, methyl-neocalycopterone, calyflorenones A and B, penduletin, calycopterone, isocalycopterone, and 4-demethylcalycopterone [13].

A GC-MS analysis of the leaves revealed the presence of volatile oils such as 2-Pentylfuran, trans-2-(2-Pentenyl)furan, 2,4-Heptadienal, o-Cymene, Hyacinthin, cis-Linalool oxide, β-Linalool, Nonanal, α-Thujone, 2,6-Nonadienal, 2-Nonenal, Decanal, Safranal, β-Cyclocitral, Nonanoic acid, α-Ionene, trans-Cinnamaldehyde, 1,1,5,6-Tetramethylindane, trans-Isoeugenol, 1,1,6-Trimethyl-1,2-dihydronaphthalene, 1,5,8-Trimethyl-1,2-dihydronaphthalene, 1,1,6-Trimethyl-1,2-dihydronaphthalene, 3-(2,6,6-Trimethyl-1-cyclohexen-1-yl)-2-propenal, β-Caryophyllene, 4-(2,4,4-Trimethyl-cyclohexa-1,5-dienyl)-butyl-3-en-2-one, α, β-Dihydropseudoionone, α-Caryophyllene, Cyperene, β-Ionone, β-Cubebene, β-Eudesmene, τ-Elemene, τ-Himachalene, Spathulenol, Caryophyllene oxide, Cedrenol, Widdrol, Epiglobulol, Juniper camphor, Myristic acid, bis-(p-Chlorophenyl) ether, Methyl hinokiate, Hexahydrofarnesyl acetone, Dibutyl phthalate, Farnesyl acetone, Isophytol, n-Hexadecanoic acid, Butyl octyl phthalate, Phytol, Linolic acid, Oleic acid and Linolenic acid.

Similar GC-MS analysis of the bark also revealed the presence of volatile oils, including 2-Pentylfuran, D-Limonene, 4-Carvomenthenol, Myristic acid, Dibutyl phthalate, n-Hexadecanoic acid, Butyl octyl phthalate, Phytol, Linolic acid and Oleic acid [13].

Structures of some important phytochemicals are shown below:

                     Calycopterin                                                           Pachypodol                        

Calycopterone

Pharmacological Activity

Antioxidant Activity

The antioxidant potential of chloroform and methanolic stem extract of Calycopteris floribunda was evaluated using superoxide, hydroxyl, and DPPH radical assays. The chloroform extract exhibited stronger antioxidant activity, with IC₅₀ values of 193.50 µg for superoxide, 290.69 µg for hydroxyl, and 90.71 µg for DPPH radicals. In comparison, the methanol extract had higher IC₅₀ values: 273.89 µg for superoxide, 343.37 µg for hydroxyl, and 117.68 µg for DPPH radicals, indicating lower scavenging efficiency. Ascorbic acid, used as the standard, had IC₅₀ values of 140.76 µg, 231.96 µg, and 75.22 µg, respectively. Overall, the chloroform extract consistently showed superior radical scavenging activity compared to the methanol extract across all assays [22].

Antibacterial Activity

The antibacterial activity of Calycopteris floribunda leaf extracts was determined using various solvents. The diethyl ether-methanol leaf extract showed significant antibacterial activity against Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylococcus aureus. In contrast, the petroleum ether-butanol fraction demonstrated moderate activity, while the aqueous 90% methanol extract exhibited less antibacterial potency. Additionally, using dichloromethane-methanol and 95% methanol as solvents yielded extracts with notable antimicrobial activity against B. subtilis, Streptococcus pyogenes, S. aureus, and Salmonella typhi [23].

Antifungal Activity

The antifungal activity of C. floribunda was evaluated using methanolic and aqueous extracts. The methanolic extract exhibited the highest sensitivity against Trichophyton rubrum (Zone of inhibition: 14 mm), followed by Chrysosporium keratinophilum (12 mm), Chrysosporium indicum (11 mm), and Microsporum gypseum (10 mm). In contrast, the aqueous extract was more effective against C. keratinophilum (14 mm), followed by M. gypseum (12 mm), T. rubrum (12 mm), and C. indicum (10 mm). Overall, the aqueous extract showed stronger inhibition against M. gypseum and C. keratinophilum, while the methanol extract was more potent against T. rubrum and C. indicum [24].

The antifungal activity of various crude extracts against five phytopathogenic fungi was assessed alongside the standard antibiotic nystatin. The chloroform extract showed the highest efficacy, inhibiting fungal growth by 40-71.5%, particularly achieving 71.5% inhibition against Alternaria alternata. In comparison, nystatin inhibited growth by 40.5-75.0% but was less effective against A. alternata and C. corchori. The chloroform extract had minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) values ranging from 125-750 µg/ml, with a low MIC of 125 µg/ml against A. alternata, indicating strong antifungal potential [20]. 

Hepatoprotective Activity

The hydroalcoholic leaf extract of Calycopteris floribunda demonstrates significant hepatoprotective activity against liver damage induced by atorvastatin and clopidogrel. In a rat model, treatment with atorvastatin (80 mg/kg) and clopidogrel (20 mg/kg) resulted in elevated liver enzymes (ALP, AST, ALT) and bilirubin levels. However, administration of the leaf extract at doses of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg significantly reduced these elevated markers, particularly at the higher dose, indicating restoration of liver function. Notably, ALP levels decreased from 254 mg/dl in the negative control to 126.3 mg/dl with the 400 mg/kg extract [18]. 

The ethanolic leaf extract of Calycopteris floribunda has shown significant hepatoprotective activity against cadmium-induced liver damage. The various biochemical parameters, including serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), serum alkaline phosphatase, and total protein was evaluated, and it was found that cadmium treatment resulted in elevated levels of these markers, indicating severe hepatic injury. However, administration of the ethanolic leaf extract at doses of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg led to a notable reduction in SGOT and SGPT levels, suggesting restoration of liver function [25].

Antidiabetic Activity

The hydroalcoholic extract of Calycopteris floribunda demonstrates significant antidiabetic activity in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Over a two-week period, treated rats at doses of 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg exhibited notable weight gains (p < 0.01) compared to untreated controls, which also showed severe polyphagia and polydipsia. In contrast, extract-treated rats had reduced food and fluid intake, though not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Following streptozotocin injection, diabetic rats displayed hyperglycaemia (330-400 mg/dl), and for normal control group it was around 110 mg/dl. After two weeks of treatment, blood glucose levels significantly decreased in the 100 mg/kg group, indicating effective glycaemic control. The hypoglycaemic effect of hydroalcoholic may be linked to its ability to reduce oxidative stress and restore plasma glutathione (GSH) levels [26]. 

Anti-inflammatory Activity

The methanolic extract of Calycopteris floribunda exhibits significant anti-inflammatory activity, particularly at a dose of 200 mg/kg, which reduced paw thickness (P < 0.01) compared to the control group treated with diclofenac sodium (5 mg/kg). Other doses, including 100 mg/kg of the methanolic extract and both 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg of the chloroform fraction, also significantly reduced oedema in a dose-dependent manner. In carrageenan-induced inflammation, where acute inflammatory responses mediated by histamine and prostaglandins, the percentage inhibition of maximal paw oedema was 54.02 ± 2.05% with the 100 mg/kg methanolic extract and 70.21 ± 0.44% with the 200 mg/kg extract. The chloroform fraction showed 45.97 ± 0.32% inhibition at 100 mg/kg and 59.77 ± 0.42% at 200 mg/kg, while diclofenac sodium achieved 78.16 ± 0.58% [27].

Anti-cancer Activity

The isolated flavonoid compound pachypodol was evaluated for its toxicity using the Cancer Coli-2 (CaCo-2) colon cancer cell line through two assays: the Brine shrimp lethality assay and Promega’s CellTiter 96 non-radioactive cell proliferation assay. The results indicated that pachypodol has a median lethal dose (LD₅₀) of 435.8 μM for general toxicity and an IC₅₀ value of 185.6 μM for cytotoxicity having moderate cytotoxic effects on the CaCo-2 colon cancer cell lines [28].

Hypolipidemic Activity

The hypolipidemic activity of petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, or methanolic extracts from the whole plant of Calycopteris floribunda in male Wistar rats subjected to a high-fat diet was investigated. Results showed that high-fat diet significantly increases the plasma levels of total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, and phospholipids (P<0.001) compared to the normal control group. Notably, administration of the ethyl acetate extract at a dosage of 200 mg/kg body weight/day significantly reduced these elevated lipid parameters and increased HDL-cholesterol levels compared to the other extracts (P<0.001). The hypolipidemic activity of the ethyl acetate extract was comparable to that of Atorvastatin. The ethyl acetate extract of Calycopteris floribunda effectively improves lipid metabolism [29].

Medicinal uses

Calycopteris floribunda is widely used in Asian traditional medicine systems, including Ayurveda, folk, and Unani practices, particularly for treating diabetes, liver disorders, and infections [30,31]. It holds significant medicinal value in countries like India, China, Bangladesh, and Thailand. The plant exhibits various biological properties, such as neurotoxic, cardiotoxic, antioxidant, antiviral, anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective activities [32].

The leaves of Calycopteris floribunda possess laxative, astringent, and anthelmintic properties. The juice from young, tender leaves is used to treat conditions like diarrhoea, colic, dysentery, and malaria [9,33]. Additionally, the leaves are utilized to manage complications like leprosy and vomiting. Grounded leaves or dry leaf powders are administered for expelling roundworms [34], while a decoction is given for snake bites [36,37]. Volatile oils extracted from the leaves and stem of Calycopteris floribunda demonstrate strong antimicrobial properties [38-40].

In traditional practices, the leaves are mixed with those of Jasminum malabaricum to mitigate asthmatic attacks [20]. Indigenous communities also use Calycopteris floribunda for gastrointestinal disorders [39]. The root, when grounded together with the roots of Eclipta prostrata L., is traditionally applied in the treatment of snake bites [41]. Leaf ash, mixed with coconut oil, is applied externally to burn wounds twice daily for 3–4 days [40]. An ethnomedicinal survey conducted in the Uttara Kannada district provided evidence of wound healing activity of Calycopteris floribunda [42,43].

In Thai traditional medicine, water decoctions of the stems and/or roots are used as a tonic to support fertility in women [44]. The leaves and bark are also employed in the treatment of gangrene, snakebites, cuts, and burn wounds [45]. The fruits exhibit carminative properties and are used to treat jaundice, ulcers, pruritus, and skin diseases [10,27,46]. Additionally, the flowers are reported to have anti-tumour properties [47].

CONCLUSION

Calycopteris floribunda Lam. is an important medicinal plant valued for its various phytoconstituents, which contribute significantly to its therapeutic potential. Nearly all parts of the plant including its leaves, fruits, flowers, bark, and roots are used to address various health conditions. This review brings together essential pharmacological studies and phytochemical analyses of Calycopteris floribunda, including isolated compounds and their therapeutic implications. A thorough literature survey shows that Calycopteris floribunda is widely used by various ethnic communities, as well as by Vaidya, Hakims, and Ayurvedic practitioners, for treating numerous ailments. There is a need for systematic research and development to create more economically viable and therapeutically effective products from this plant.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We are thankfull to principal and management of Dattakala College of Pharmacy, Swami Chincholi, Bhigwan, Tal. Daund Dist. Pune for providing all necessary facilities during this study.

REFERENCES       

1.      Pradeep S., Garima M., Sourabh S., Shruti S., Sangeeta, K. K. Jha, R. L. Phytopharmacological review of Vitex negundo (Sambhalu). Pharmacologyonline. 2011; 2; 1355-1385.

2.      Pawar SG, Patil AM. Studies on quantitative estimation and antioxidant activity of Tridax procumbens L. International Journal of Innovative Knowledge Concepts. 2019 Jan;7:1.

3.      Tawade M, Chopade J, Thomas A. Ardisia solanacea (Poir.) Roxb.–An Unexplored Medicinal Plant. Bull. Env. Pharmacol. Life Sci. 2024 Apr 5;13:168-78.

4.      Vijayvargia P, Vijayvergia R. A review on Limonia acidissima l.: Multipotential medicinal plant. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res. 2014 Sep;28(1):191-5.

5.      Chopade J, Thomas A, Chitlange S. Total polyphenolic content, antioxidant activity and chromatographic profiling of extracts of Ardissia solanacea. Pharmacognosy Research. 2023;15(2).

6.      Chandran PR, Manju S, Vysakhi MV, Shaji PK, Nair AG. Nutritional and antinutritional properties of the leaf of Ardisia solanacea Roxb.(Myrsinaceae), a fodder additive. International Food Research Journal. 2015;22(1):324.

7.      Jibon RI, Tusher SM, Sabuj MH, Islam MS, Hossain MS, Paul AK, Islam MT, Das PR, Mohammed Rahmatullah MR. Medicinal plants of a folk medicinal practitioner of Jamalpur district, Bangladesh and comparative ethnomedicinal usages of some plants.

8.      Azhagumeena C, BHARATHI PR. A review on phytochemistry and pharmacology of calycopteris floribunda roxb. lam. Int J Chem Res. 2020;4(4):1-8.

9.      Santharam B. Phytochemical investigation and evaluation of antiatherogenic and antioxidant activities of the whole plant of calycopteris floribunda lam combretaceae in rat fed with atherogenic diet.

1. https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/show/229031, Accessed 12 November, 2024.

11.  Bharat BV. Medicinal profile of Calycopteris floribunda Lam: a review. J Med Plants. 2019;7(3):130-3.

12.  Santharam E, Ganesh P, Soranam R, Divya VV, NCJ PL. Evaluation of in vitro free radical scavenging potential of various extracts of whole plant of Calycopteris floribunda (Lam). J Chem Pharm Res. 2015;7(1):860-4.

13.  Liu JJ, Yang DL, Zhang Y, Yuan Y, Cao FX, Zhao JM, Peng XB. Chemical component and antimicrobial activity of volatile oil of Calycopteris floribunda. Journal of Central South University of Technology. 2009 Dec;16:931-5.

14.  Herbarium JCB (iisc.ac.in), Accessed 12 November, 2024.

15.  Yarazari SB, Jayaraj M. Physico-chemical evaluation and phytochemical analysis of different leaf extracts of Calycopteris floribunda Lam. a multipotent medicinal climber by GC–MS. Vegetos. 2024 Apr 15:1-2.

16.  Getonia floribunda Roxb. (worldfloraonline.org), Accessed 12 November, 2024.

17.  Lakshmi JN, Sai PC, Sowjanya P, Babu PS, Kanneganti S, Thalla S. Hepatoprotective Activity of Calycopteris floribunda on Clopidogrel and Atorvastatin Induced Hepatic Damage in Rodents. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Allied Sciences. 2024;13(2-2024):41-7.

18.  Aiyalu Rajasekaran AR, Muthusamy Periasamy MP. Hepatoprotective effect of ethanolic leaf extract of Calycopteris floribunda Lam on cadmium induced hepatotoxicity in rats.

19.  Herbarium JCB (iisc.ac.in), Accessed 12 November, 2024.

20.  Saha A, Rahman MS. Antimicrobial activity of crude extract from Calycopteris floribunsa. Bangladesh journal of microbiology. 2008;25(2):137-9.

21.  Suttaratrungse K, Chanhan P, Kanokmedhakul K, Moosophon P, Kanokmedhakul S. Two new flavonols from flowers of Getonia floribunda Roxb. Phytochemistry Letters. 2015 Mar 1;11:316-9.

22.  Satyanarayana T, Eswaraiah MC. In-vitro antioxidant and free radical scavenging potential of stem of Calycopteris floribunda Lam.

23.  Bhat PR, Prajna PS, Kumar V, Hegde MA, Singh L. Antimicrobial properties of leaves of Calycopteris floribunda Lam. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research. 2011 Jun 18;5(12):2448-51.

24.  Vinayaka KS, Kekuda TP, Banakar S, Shravanakumara S. Anti-dermatophyte activity of methanol and aqueous extracts of Calycopteries floribunda (Roxb.) Poiret leaves.

25.  Aiyalu Rajasekaran AR, Muthusamy Periasamy MP. Hepatoprotective effect of ethanolic leaf extract of Calycopteris floribunda Lam on cadmium induced hepatotoxicity in rats.

26.  Sreenu Thalla ST, Jyothibasu Tammu JT, Delhiraj N, Kumar KS. Hypoglycemic activity of hydro-alcoholic extract of Calycopteris floribunda induced by streptozotocin in rats.

27.  Satyanarayana T, Eswaraiah MC, Bharathi A, Srinivas M. Anti–inflammatory activity of stem of Calycopteris floribunda. Journal of Pharmacy and Chemistry. 2009.

28.  Ali HA, Chowdhury AA, Rahman AK, Borkowski T, Nahar L, Sarker SD. Pachypodol, a flavonol from the leaves of Calycopteris floribunda, inhibits the growth of CaCo 2 colon cancer cell line in vitro. Phytotherapy Research: An International Journal Devoted to Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluation of Natural Product Derivatives. 2008 Dec;22(12):1684-7.

29.  Bhuvaneswari Santharam BS, Ganesh P, Soranam R, Lekshmi NC. Hypolipedemic effect of various extracts of whole plant of Calycopteris floribunda (Lam) in rat fed with high fat diet.

30.  Abbagoni S, Edupuganti S, Rani GJ. Phytochemical and antioxidant screening of Cocculus hirsutus and Calycopteris floribunda. International journal of health sciences. 2021;5(S1):532-40.

31.  Giri A, Mundhe S, Shimpi M, Gujrathi DS. Herbal antidotes for the management of snake bite. World J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci. 2019 Nov 1;9:735-43.

32.  KA RK, GM P, Junaid S, KN R, Siddiqua S, Naik AS, TR PK, KS V. Elemental analysis and anticariogenic activity of flowers of Calycopteris floribunda, Humboldtia brunonis and Kydia calycina. Asian Journal of Research in Chemistry. 2013;6(7):623-7.

33.  Ratnagiriswaran AN, Sehra KB, Venkataraman K. The anthelminthic constituent of the leaves of Calycopteris floribunda. Biochemical Journal. 1934;28(6):1964.

34.  Dey SK, Shoeb M, Rob T, Nahar N, Mosihuzzaman M, Sultana N. Biological and Chemical Studies on Calycopteris floribunda leaves. Dhaka University Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2005;4(2):103-6.

35.  Murthy EN. Ethnomedicinal observations from the Maha-Mutharam and Yamanpally tribal villages of Karimangar, East forest division of Andhra Pradesh, India. Ethnobotanical Leaflets. 2008;2008(1):66.

36.  Pavithra GM, Naik AS, Siddiqua S, Vinayaka KS, Kekuda PT, Mukunda S. Antioxidant and antibacterial activity of flowers of Calycopteris floribunda (Roxb.) Poiret, Humboldtia brunonis Wall and Kydia calycina Roxb. International Journal of Drug Development and Research. 2013 Apr;5(2):301-10.

37.  Pavithra GM, Dileep N, Rakesh KN, Junaid S, Kekuda TP, Vinayaka KS, Noor Nawaz AS. Inhibitory activity of flowers of Calycopteris floribunda, Humboldtia brunonis and Kydia calycina against fungal pathogens causing rhizome rot of ginger. Biotechnology: An Indian Journal. 2014;9(1):11-3.

38.  Lee DW. Canopy dynamics and light climates in a tropical moist deciduous forest in India. Journal of Tropical Ecology. 1989 Feb;5(1):65-79.

39.  Mayer R. Calycopterones and Calyflorenones, Novel Biflavonoids from Calycopteris f loribunda. Journal of natural products. 1999 Sep 24;62(9):1274-8.

40.  Mayer R. Five biflavonoids from Calycopteris floribunda (Combretaceae). Phytochemistry. 2004 Mar 1;65(5):593-601.

41.  Shivanna MB, Rajakumar N. Traditional medico-botanical knowledge of local communities in Hosanagara Taluk of Shimoga District in Karnataka, India. Journal of herbs, spices & medicinal plants. 2011 Jul 1;17(3):291-317.

42.  Sreekanth P, Narayana K, Shridhar NB, Bhat A. Toxicity studies of Calycopteris floribunda Lam. in calf, rabbit and rat. Journal of ethnopharmacology. 2006 Sep 19;107(2):229-33.

43.  Xavier TF, Kannan M, Lija L, Auxillia A, Rose AK. Ethnobotanical study of kani tribes in thoduhills of Kerala, south India. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2014 Feb 27;152(1):78-90.

44.  Glory A, Judin J, Vasudevan R, Sumathi P. Preliminary phytochemical content and antibacterial activity of Ukshi (Calycopteris floribunda Lam.) leaves. J. Med. Plants Stud. 2016;4(2):57-9.

45.  Yarazari SB, Jayaraj M. Pharmacognostic studies of flowers of Calycopteris floribunda Lam. A multi potent medicinal plant. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. 2023;12(5):251-5.

46.  Prasanth KP, Sekaran S. A COMPARATIVE ANATOMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE STEMS OF CLIMBING PLANTS IN ARALAM WILD LIFE SANCTUARY, KANNUR. Kongunadu Research Journal. 2016 Jun 30;3(1):37-44.

47.  Bharat BV, Nagarale S. Green synthesis for antimicrobial and anticancer assessments of isolated bioactive compound from Calycopteris floribunda leaves. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. 2019;8(3):4860-6.