Phytochemical And Medicinal Analysis of Night Jasmine: A Review

Dr. Rahane R.D, Shaikh S.A, Andhale A.T*, Prof. Kadam V.N, Nimase P.A,

Musale Y.J.

Matoshri Miratai Aher College of Pharmacy, Karjule Hary

*Correspondence: akshadaandhale943@gmail.com

DOI: https://doi.org/10.71431/IJRPAS.2025.4203

INTRODUCTION

The night jasmine ( Nyctanthes arbor- tristis), generally known as Parijat in India, is an integral part of traditional healthcare systems, particularly Ayurveda, Siddha, and Unani  drug. This small,  evanescent tree is native to South Asia,  generally  set up in regions like India, Nepal, and Thailand, and is characterized by its distinct ambrosial white flowers with bright orange tubes that bloom at night. The flowers drop to the ground at dawn, creating a mesmerizing carpet of blossoms, which has earned the factory  lyrical names like" Tree of Sorrow" due to the  flash beauty of its blooms.  The factory has been  considerably used in traditional practices for its  remedial  parcels, especially in treating  complications,  common pain, and digestive  diseases. Each part of the factory — leaves, flowers, seeds, dinghy, and roots holds medicinal value. In  pastoral communities across India, night jasmine continues to serve as an accessible remedy for  colorful affections, aligning with the principles of natural and holistic  mending that are central to  numerous traditional medical systems.

Figure 1: Nyctanthes arbortristis Linn

Name of the plant in different languages below:

       English           :            Night jasmine

       Hindi              :            Harsingar

       Bangali           :            Sephalika

       Sanskrit          :            Parijatha

       Kannada         :            Parijatha

       Malayalam      :            Parijatakam

       Marathi           :            Parijathak

       Gujrat           :             Javaparvati

       Oodisha         :            Gangasiuli

Scientific Classification:

Kingdom : Plantae

Order       :   Lamiales

 Family       :  Oleaceae

    Genus        : Nyctanthes

           Species     :   N. Arbortristis

Morphology :

 Nyctanthes arbor- tristis Linn is a huge shrub growing up to 10 m altitudinous, with quadrangular branches and  short argentine  delicate dinghy. The leaves are tough, furry, decussately opposite, easy, 6- 12 cm lenthy, 2- 6 cm  expansive with a whole  periphery. The  foliage is organized at the hints of branches terminally or inside the axis of leaves and are  constantly seen in clusters of 2- 7  inclusively.

Table-1: Chemical constituent found in one of a kind parts of night jasmin and their biological activities.

Importance in Traditional Medicine:

In the traditional Indian healthcare system of Ayurveda,  shops like Nyctanthes dome- tristis are  vital. Ayurveda, considered one of the oldest systems of  drug, uses factory- grounded  curatives to treat  conditions by balancing the body’s doshas( abecedarian  natural  powers). Night jasmine has long been prized in this system for its antipyretic(fever- reducing),anti-inflammatory, and anthelmintic(anti-parasitic)  parcels.  For centuries, Ayurvedic  interpreters have recommended splint decoctions of Nyctanthes dome- tristis to reduce  complications, especially those associated with  conditions like malaria and dengue. In addition, paste from the leaves has been applied to joints affected by arthritis or rheumatic conditions to reduce pain and  lump. The seeds and dinghy, with their laxative  parcels, are generally used to treat constipation and aid in digestion. This comprehensive use of night jasmine across a wide diapason of affections demonstrates its versatility and enduring applicability in traditional  drug.  Not only is the factory known for its  restorative  parcels, but it also holds an essential place in spiritual and religious practices. In Hinduism, for case, the flowers of night jasmine are considered sacred and are used in  colorful religious rituals, particularly in  tabernacles  devoted to Krishna and Vishnu. The symbolism associated with its  flash blooms representing the  evanescence of life makes it a  important conceit in spiritual  training.                                  

Importance of Plant-Based Therapies:

The rejuvenescence of interest grounded  curatives is n't limited to academic circles; there has been an  adding  global demand for natural and holistic healthcare options. numerous of the pharmaceutical  medicines used  moment were firstly  deduced from  shops, and traditional medicinal  shops like Nyctanthes dome- tristis are being  redefined for their  remedial  eventuality. The shift towards integrative  drug, which combines  ultramodern medical practices with traditional remedies, has opened doors for  shops like night jasmine to be greeted into  ultramodern healthcare systems.  In developing countries, where access to conventional healthcare may be limited, traditional  drug continues to be the primary source of healthcare for a significant portion of the population. shops like night jasmine, which can be grown locally and gathered for medicinal use, offer an affordable and sustainable  result to address common health issues.In recent times, global health associations have  honored the  significance of conserving traditional knowledge and promoting the safe use of medicinal  shops. By validating the  remedial  eventuality of  shops like Nyctanthes dome- tristis through scientific  exploration, we can bridge the gap between traditional knowledge and  ultramodern medical  wisdom,  icing that the benefits of these  shops are completely realized in both  pastoral and civic healthcare settings.

Phytochemical Composition:

The medicinal  parcels of Nyctanthes dome- tristis are largely attributed to its rich and different phytochemical composition. Phytochemicals are naturally  being  composites  set up in  shops that have  natural  exertion in the  mortal body. In the case of night jasmine, these  composites include a variety of flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides, and essential canvases , all of which contribute to its  remedial  eventuality. This section provides an in- depth look at the  crucial phytochemicals  set up in different  corridor of the factory, as well as their associated medicinal  parcels.

1. Flavonoids:

Flavonoids are a group of polyphenolic  composites  set up abundantly in  shops, known for their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial  parcels. In Nyctanthes dome- tristis, flavonoids similar as quercetin, kaempferol, and isorhamnetin have been  insulated, primarily from the leaves and flowers of the Night jasmine. These  composites play a critical  part in the capability to neutralize free  revolutionaries and  cover the body from oxidative stress.

·         Quercetin: Quercetin is one of the most well- studied flavonoids, known for its potent antioxidant effects. It helps reduce inflammation by inhibiting enzymes like lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase, which are involved in the inflammatory response. In the  environment of night jasmine, quercetin’s presence may explain the effectiveness in treating  seditious conditions  similar as arthritis and rheumatism.

·         Kaempferol: Another important flavonoid  set up in night jasmine is kaempferol, which exhibits antioxidant and anticancer  parcels. Kaempferol has been shown to induce apoptosis( programmed cell death) in cancer cells, suggesting that it may contribute  eventuality in treating cancer, particularly in  primary studies involving  bone cancer cells.

·         Isorhamnetin:- This flavonoid has  analogous antioxidant andanti-inflammatory  goods and plays a  part in  guarding cells from oxidative damage. Studies suggest that isorhamnetin can help  help cellular damage caused by free  revolutionaries, which are  intertwined in the aging process and the development of  habitual  conditions  similar as heart  complaint and neurodegenerative  diseases.

2. Alkaloids:

Alkaloids are nitrogen- containing  composites that have significant pharmacological  goods on the  mortal body. In Nyctanthes dome- tristis, the presence of nicotinine and arbortristoside has been  proved, particularly in the Night jasmine seeds and leaves. These alkaloids contribute to theantimicrobial and anthelmintic  parcels, making it useful in treating infections and parasitic infestations.

·         Nicotinine:- This alkaloid is known for its antibacterial and antifungal  parcels. It has been  set up to inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria and fungi, making night jasmine an effective treatment for skin infections, crack  mending, and other microbial conditions. The presence of nicotinine may also explain the traditional use of night jasmine in treating dysentery and diarrhea, where bacterial infections are  frequently the underpinning cause.

·         Arbortristoside:- Arbortristoside is another alkaloid that has shown implicit in early studies for its anticancer  goods. It has been  set up to inhibit the proliferation of leukemia cells, making it a promising  emulsion for  unborn  exploration in cancer treatment. Its anthelmintic  parcels are also well-  proved, as it helps in expelling parasitic worms from the body, especially in children suffering from intestinal worm infestations.

3. Glycosides:

Glycosides are  composites in which a sugar is bound to anon-sugar substance,  frequently contributing to the remedial  parcels. In night jasmine, iridoid glycosides are particularly important, offering a range of medicinal benefits.

·         Iridoid Glycosides:- The iridoid glycosides  set up in night jasmine are primarily responsible for the anti-inflammatory and antipyretic(fever- reducing)  goods. These  composites have been shown to inhibit  seditious  intercessors  similar as prostaglandins and cytokines, which play a  crucial  part in the body’s response to infection and injury. This makes night jasmine an effective natural remedy for treating  complications and  seditious  conditions, including arthritis and other  common  diseases.

·         Arbortristoside:- A This glycoside has been specifically studied for its antimalarial parcels. Research suggests that excerpts containing arbortristoside- A are effective against Plasmodium falciparum, the  sponger responsible for malaria. Traditional uses of night jasmine in the treatment of malarial  complications are  probably due to the presence of this  emulsion.

4. Tannins:

Tannins are tangy  composites that have antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant  parcels. Set up in the dinghy and leaves of Nyctanthes dome- tristis, tannins contribute to the capability to heal injuries and treat digestive  diseases.

·         Antimicrobial parcels:- Tannins are well- known for their capability to form a defensive subcaste over injuries, precluding bacterial infections and promoting faster  mending. In traditional drug, night jasmine’s tannins have been used to treat injuries, blisters, and skin infections, making it a  precious remedy in  pastoral healthcare.

·         Astringent goods:- The tangy  parcels of tannins make them useful in treating diarrhea and dysentery, as they help reduce intestinal inflammation and strain the apkins, thereby  decelerating the loss of fluids from the bowel.

5. Essential Oils:

The essential canvases   deduced from the flowers of Nyctanthes dome- tristis contain a variety of  composites that have antifungal and antibacterial  parcels. These canvases  are  frequently used in aromatherapy and are believed to have comforting and stress- relieving  goods.

·         Antifungal parcels:- The essential canvases  from the flowers have been  set up to be effective against fungal infections, particularly those affecting the skin and nails. Traditional uses of night jasmine  frequently include the  operation of its flower excerpts to treat conditions like ringworm and athlete’s  bottom.

·         Aromatherapy:- In addition to their antimicrobial  goods, the essential canvases  from the flowers of night jasmine are extensively used in aromatherapy to promote relaxation and reduce anxiety. The ambrosial canvases  are believed to help calm the mind and ameliorate sleep quality, making night jasmine a popular choice in traditional and indispensable  drug for treating  wakefulness and stress- related  diseases.

Medicinal Applications:

The  remedial value of Nyctanthes dome- tristis is deeply  embedded  in traditional  drug, particularly in Ayurveda, Unani, and Siddha systems. Its  operations in  ultramodern  drug are now gaining attention as scientific studies continue to validate its phytochemical composition and medicinal  parcels. colorful  corridor of the night jasmine-leaves, flowers, seeds, dinghy, and roots are used for their anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, antimicrobial, and analgesic parcels. This section outlines the traditional and  ultramodern medicinal  operations in detail.

1.Treatment of Fevers:

One of the primary uses of Nyctanthes dome- tristis in traditional  drug is for the treatment of  complications, particularly those associated with malarial and dengue infections. The leaves of the Night jasmine are  frequently used to prepare a decoction, which is administered to cases suffering from high fever. This practice has been passed down through generations in  pastoral communities, where access to conventional antipyretic  specifics may be limited.

·         Antipyretic Properties: The splint excerpt of night jasmine has been shown to  retain antipyretic  goods  similar to  ultramodern fever- reducing  specifics  similar as paracetamol. These  goods are attributed to the  capability to inhibit the release of prostaglandins, which are responsible for causing fever during infections. Clinical studies have supported the traditional use of night jasmine in treating  complications, especially those related to malaria.

·         Antimalarial Implicit: The glycoside  emulsion arbortristoside- A,  set up in the leaves and flowers of night jasmine, has shown promising antimalarial  exertion in  primary studies. Excerpts of the night jasmine have been  set up to be effective against Plasmodium falciparum, the  sponger responsible for malaria. This validates the traditional use of night jasmine as a remedy for malarial  complications, particularly in regions where malaria is aboriginal.

2. Management of Arthritis and Inflammatory Disorders:

Night jasmine has long been used in Ayurvedic  drug to treat arthritis, rheumatic  diseases, and other  seditious conditions. The anti-inflammatory  parcels are attributed to its rich content of flavonoids, alkaloids, and glycosides, which work synergistically to reduce inflammation and pain.

·         Arthritis Treatment:The splint paste of night jasmine is applied externally to joints affected by arthritis to reduce pain and  lump. In traditional  drug, this remedy has been extensively used to manage the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. ultramodern  exploration supports this practice, as the factory’s  composites have been shown to inhibit the  exertion of  seditious enzymes  similar as cyclooxygenase( COX) and lipoxygenase, both of which play a central  part in the  seditious process.

·         Anti-inflammatory Effects: Studies have demonstrated that the iridoid glycosides  set up in night jasmine  retain potentanti-inflammatory  goods, making the factory effective in treating  habitual  seditious conditions. These  composites help in reducing the  product ofpro-inflammatory cytokines, thereby  easing symptoms associated with  common pain and  lump. The use of night jasmine as a natural  volition tonon-steroidalanti-inflammatory  medicines( NSAIDs) is particularly  charming, as it offers smaller side  goods.

3. Antimicrobial and Antifungal Applications:

The antimicrobial and antifungal  parcels of Nyctanthes arbor- tristis make it a  precious remedy for treating a range of infections. The essential canvases , as well as its alkaloid and tannin content, are effective against both bacterial and fungal pathogens.

·         Bacterial Infections: Traditional uses of night jasmine include the treatment of skin infections, injuries, and blisters. The splint excerpt has been  set up to  parade antibacterial  exertion against pathogens  similar as Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, which are common  lawbreakers in skin and gastrointestinal infections. The capability to inhibit bacterial growth has made it a go- to remedy for treating boils, abscesses, and crack infections in  pastoral areas.

·         Fungal Infections: Night jasmine’s essential canvases  have been shown to be effective in treating fungal infections, particularly those affecting the skin,  similar as ringworm and athlete’s  bottom. In traditional  drug, a paste made from the Night jasmine flowers is applied topically to the affected areas. ultramodern exploration has validated this practice, showing that the  composites  parade strong antifungal  exertion against Candida albicans, a common pathogen responsible for  incentive infections.

4. Digestive Disorders:

In traditional systems like Ayurveda and Unani, night jasmine is used to treat  colorful digestive affections, including constipation, diarrhea, and dysentery. The laxative and tangy  parcels make it an effective remedy for gastrointestinal  diseases.

·         Laxative goods: The seeds of night jasmine are known for their mild laxative  parcels. In Ayurveda, a decoction made from the seeds is administered to cases suffering from constipation and indigestion. The seeds stimulate bowel movements by promoting the  stashing of digestive enzymes, helping to  palliate digestive discomfort.

·         Diarrhea and Dysentery: The tannins present in the dinghy and leaves of night jasmine have tangy  parcels, which help reduce intestinal inflammation and strain the apkins, thereby treating conditions like diarrhea and dysentery. The use of night jasmine in treating diarrheal conditions is particularly important in pastoral communities, where access to conventional antidiarrheal  specifics may be limited.

5. Respiratory Disorders: 

Night jasmine is generally used in traditional  drug to treat respiratory affections  similar as asthma, coughs, and bronchitis. The flowers and leaves of the Night jasmine are  frequently prepared as a decoction or  saccharinity to soothe the respiratory tract and  palliate symptoms.

·         Asthma and Bronchitis: The anti-inflammatory and antispasmodic  parcels make it effective in treating asthma and bronchitis. The flower excerpt has been used traditionally to relax the muscles of the respiratory tract, thereby reducing bronchial spasms and  perfecting tailwind. Scientific studies have  verified that night jasmine contains composites that help reduce bronchoconstriction, offering relief for asthma cases.

·         Cough Treatment: In  pastoral  drug, a  saccharinity made from the flowers of night jasmine is used to treat coughs and sore throats. The  saccharinity acts as a natural expectorant, helping to loosen mucus and ease breathing. The capability to calm the respiratory tract has made it a popular remedy for dry coughs and respiratory infections.

6. Anticancer Potential:

One of the most  instigative areas of  exploration into Nyctanthes dome- tristis is its implicit  part in cancer treatment. Several studies have explored the anticancer  parcels, particularly in relation to its capability to inhibit cancer cell proliferation and induce apoptosis( programmed cell death).

·         Bone Cancer: In vitro studies have shown that excerpts from the leaves and flowers of night jasmine can inhibit the growth of  bone cancer cells. The presence of flavonoids like quercetin and kaempferol contributes to this effect, as these  composites have been  set up to induce apoptosis in cancerous cells without affecting healthy cells.

·         Leukemia The alkaloid arbortristoside has been studied for its capability to inhibit the proliferation of leukemia cells. Although  exploration is still in its early stages,  primary results suggest that the composites could be developed into natural anticancer agents, particularly for treating hematological  malice  similar as leukemia.

7. Neuroprotective Effects:

Arising  exploration has also begun to explore the neuroprotective  eventuality of night jasmine, particularly in the treatment of neurodegenerative  conditions  similar as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s  complaint. The antioxidant  parcels play a  pivotal  part in  guarding neurons from oxidative damage, which is a  crucial factor in the progression of these  conditions.

·         Alzheimer’s Disease: The flavonoids and glycosides present in night jasmine have been  set up to reduce beta- amyloid shrine  conformation, which is associated with Alzheimer’s  complaint. By  precluding the accumulation of these pillars, the composites may help  decelerate down cognitive decline and  cover against memory loss.

8. Antioxidant and Anti-Aging Properties:

The antioxidant  parcels of Nyctanthes dome- tristis are n't only applicable in the  environment of  complaint treatment but also in promoting general health andanti-aging. The flavonoids, alkaloids, and tannins act as free radical scavengers,  negativing  dangerous reactive oxygen species( ROS), which are a major cause of cellular aging and towel degeneration.

·         Skin Health and Aging: The  operation of night jasmine excerpts in skincare has shown  pledge for reducing wrinkles, fine lines, and other signs of aging. The antioxidants in the night jasmine cover skin cells from oxidative damage caused by ultraviolet(UV) radiation and environmental adulterants. By reducing oxidative stress, night jasmine helps maintain skin pliantness and  humidity, leading to healthier and  further  immature skin.

·         Internal Antioxidant goods The Night jasmine part as a natural antioxidant also supports cardiovascular health,  precluding damage to the heart and blood vessels caused by oxidative stress. Regular consumption of night jasmine decoctions has been associated with  bettered heart function, reduced cholesterol  situations, and overall enhanced life.

9. Wound Healing:

Another traditional  operation of Nyctanthes dome- tristis is in crack  mending. Its antimicrobial and tangy  parcels have been used to treat cuts, blisters, and ulcers effectively.

·         Wound Treatment: The splint paste is applied to injuries to  help infections and promote  briskly healing. The tannins in the help form a defensive subcaste over the crack, while the antibacterial  composites reduce the  threat of infection. In  pastoral communities, night jasmine continues to serve as a go- to remedy for treating minor cuts and skin  scrapes.

·         Ulcers and Blisters: Night jasmine excerpts are also applied topically to skin ulcers and diabetic blisters, where they help in reducing inflammation, disinfecting the area, and accelerating the  rejuvenescence of skin apkins.

10. Anthelmintic Applications:

One of the  lower- known but extensively  rehearsed uses of Nyctanthes dome- tristis is in its  part as an anthelmintic agent, particularly for treating intestinal worms in children.

• Expelling Intestinal Worms: The splint decoction of night jasmine is traditionally used to expel roundworms and tapeworms from the bowel. This practice is common in regions where parasitic infections are  current due to poor sanitation or  defiled food and water sources. Scientific studies have  verified the capability to paralyze and expel helminths(parasitic worms), making it a  precious tool in the  operation of helminthiasis.

11. Immunomodulatory Effects:

Recent studies have also stressed the immunomodulatory eventuality of night jasmine. Immunomodulators are substances that help regulate or homogenize the vulnerable system, enhancing the body’s capability to fight infections while  precluding autoimmune  conditions.

·         Enhancing Immune Response: The polysaccharides and glycosides have been shown to stimulate the product of vulnerable cells, particularly macrophages and lymphocytes, which play a central  part in defending the body against pathogens. The immunomodulatory goods of night jasmine make it a promising natural remedy for boosting the vulnerable system, particularly in individualities with weakened  impunity.

·         Autoimmune Disorders: Primary exploration suggests that night jasmine’s capability to regulate vulnerable function may also make it  salutary in treating autoimmune  conditions  similar as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus, where the vulnerable system  inaptly attacks the body’s own apkins. By modulating vulnerable responses, it helps to reduce the  inflexibility of autoimmune flare- ups.

12. Stress and Anxiety Relief:

In traditional drug, night jasmine is occasionally used as a comforting agent to relieve stress, anxiety, and  wakefulness. The essential canvases uprooted from the Night jasmine  flowers are extensively used in aromatherapy, where they're believed to have opiate and mood- enhancing parcels.

·         Aromatherapy: The comforting scent of night jasmine has been used in Aromatherapy contemplation and sleep curatives to reduce stress and promote internal well- being. gobbling the  scent of night jasmine’s flowers or applying its essential  oil painting to the skin has been shown to lower cortisol  situations, reducing the body’s stress response and promoting a state of relaxation.

·         Treatment of Insomnia: Night jasmine is also used in traditional practices to treat wakefulness and other sleep diseases. The essential canvases ,when used in a diffuser or applied topically, help promote  peaceful sleep by calming the mind and relaxing the body.

CONCLUSION:

Nyctanthes arbor- tristis, generally known as night jasmine, holds a significant position in both traditional and ultramodern  drug. With its origins in the rich traditions of Ayurveda and Unani, this has been used for centuries to treat a wide array of affections, from  complications and respiratory conditions to  seditious  conditions like arthritis. The different phytochemical composition of night jasmine comprising flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, and essential canvases accounts for its  remedial versatility,  furnishing a natural remedy for several health conditions.Traditional medicinal systems have long  reckoned on the antipyretic,anti-inflammatory, anthelmintic, and analgesic  parcels of the factory to manage health problems in communities where access to conventional  medicinals is limited. The leaves, flowers, seeds, and dinghy have all been  employed to  produce remedies for treating  complications, digestive issues, respiratory  diseases, and parasitic infections. In particular, the factory’s capability to reduce fever and inhibit inflammation has made it  necessary in regions where  conditions like malaria and dengue are  current.

REFERENCES

1.        Jadhav, S., & Patil, M. (2016). A Review on Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Linn.: Rejuvenating Herbs. International Journal of Research in Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1(1), 54-62.

2.        Kirtikar, K.R., & Basu, B.D. (1999). Indian Medicinal Plants (Vol. 3). Dehradun: Oriental Enterprises.

3.        Nadkarni, K.M. (1976). Indian Materia Medica (Vol. 1). Bombay: Popular Prakashan.

4.        Sharma, P.V. (2001). Dravyaguna Vijnana (Vol. 2). Varanasi: Chaukhambha Bharati Academy.

5.        Tripathi, K.D. (2008). Essentials of Medical Pharmacology (6th ed.). New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers.

6.        Yadav, D., Khare, P., Singh, S. (2014). Evaluation of Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Activity of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Leaves. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 154(2), 340-348.

7.        Mishra, A., & Tiwari, P. (2015). Phytochemical and Pharmacological Studies on Nyctanthes arbor-tristis: A Review. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 9(24), 704-709.

8.        Singh, H., & Pandey, S. (2012). Pharmacognostic Study and Anti-inflammatory Activity of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Leaves. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 3(5), 1400-1405.

9.        Srivastava, S., Jha, P., & Mishra, V. (2014). Phytochemical Analysis and Antifungal Activity of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis. Journal of Natural Remedies, 14(2), 97-101.

10.    Chatterjee, A., & Pakrashi, S.C. (1994). The Treatise on Indian Medicinal Plants (Vol. 2). New Delhi: CSIR Publications.

11.    Choudhury, R.P., & Srivastava, R. (2001). Antimicrobial and Anthelmintic Activity of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis. Asian Journal of Chemistry, 13(2), 467-473.

12.    Chopra, R.N., Nayar, S.L., & Chopra, I.C. (1956). Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants. New Delhi: Council of Scientific and Industrial Research.

13.    Verma, S., & Singh, R. (2008). A Comprehensive Review of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis: A Traditionally Important Plant. International Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2(1), 68-75.

14.    Bhatnagar, M., & Saxena, A. (2006). Phytochemical Screening and Antioxidant Activity of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis. Pharmacognosy Magazine, 4(16), 255-258.

15.    Pandey, R., & Tripathi, A. (2013). Antifungal Potential of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Extracts Against Pathogenic Fungi. Mycobiology, 41(1), 37-43.

16.    Bhattacharya, S.K., & Pandey, O.M. (1995). Ayurvedic and Herbal Medicines for Arthritis. New Delhi: Chaukhambha Publications.

17.    Dwivedi, S., & Rathore, M. (2011). A Review on Pharmacological Properties of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Linn. International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Archives, 2(6), 1582-1586.

18.    Nandini, M., & Singh, K. (2015). Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Activities of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Leaves: A Review. Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences, 2(3), 25-30.

19.    Rawat, R., & Vashistha, D. (2011). Antimicrobial Properties of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Bark Extracts. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 73(3), 290-295.

20.    Vohra, R., & Kukreja, A.K. (2010). Traditional and Modern Uses of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis. International Journal of Ayurvedic Medicine, 1(2), 54-61.

21.    Gupta, V., & Kumar, R. (2009). Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic Activity of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Linn. Journal of Natural Products, 2(1), 45-50.

22.    Arya, V., & Mishra, N. (2013). Antioxidant Activity of Methanolic Extract of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Flowers. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge, 12(4), 680-685.

23.    Patel, K., & Srivastava, V. (2017). Pharmacological Evaluation of Antioxidant and Antidiabetic Activities of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis in Diabetic Mice. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 201(2), 1-8.

24.    Ghosh, D., & Chaudhuri, S. (2007). Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic Potential of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis in Experimental Animals. Indian Journal of Pharmacology, 39(6), 273-275.

25.    World Health Organization (WHO). (2005). Traditional Medicine Strategy 2002-2005. Geneva: World Health Organization.

26.    Adebajo AC, Aladesanmi AJ, Akinkimi EO, Taiwo BJ, OlorunmolaFO&LamikanraA, Antimicro bialandantioxidantactivitiesofsome Nigerianmedicinalplants, AfricanJTradCAM, 2007; 4(2): 173-184.

27.     Khan ZK, Manglani A, Shukla PK, Puri A, Saxena RP & TandonJS, Immunomo dulatoryeffectofplantextractsandiridoidglucosidesfro m Nyctanthesarbor-tristisagainstsyste miccandid iasisinmice, Int JPharmacog, 1995; 33(4): 297-304.

28.    Puri A, Saxena R, Saxena RP, Saxena KC, Tandon JS & SrivastavaV, Immunostimulant activity of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L.,J Ethnopharmacology, 1994; 42: 31-37.

29.    Tandon JS, Srivastava V & Guru PY, A new class of  leishmanicidalagents from Nyctanthes arbor-tristis, J Nat Prod, 1991; 54(4): 1102-04.

30.    Ratnasooriya WD, Jayakody, JRAC, Hettiarachchi, ADI&Dharmasiri, MG, Sedative effect sofhot flower infusion of Nyctanthesarbor-tristison Rats, Pharmaceut Biol, 2005; 43(2): 140-146.

31.    Rathee JS, Hassarajani SA & Chattopadhyay S, Antioxidant activityof Nyctanthes arbor-tristis leaf extract, Food Chem, 2007; 103: 1350–1357.

32.     ThangaveluNR&ThomasS,In-vitroantioxidantstudiesonethanolic extracts of leaves and stems of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L. (Nightflowering Jasmine), IntJBiolMedRes, 2010; 1(4): 188-192.

33.     Saxena RS, Gupta B, Saxena KK, Singh RC & Prasad DN, Study ofanti-inflammatory activity in the leaves of Nyctanthes arbor-tristisLinn. - An Indian medicinal plant, J Ethnopharmacol, 1984; 11: 319-330.

34.    VishwanathanM&JuvekarAR,Hepatoregenerativeeff ectofNyctanthes arbor-tristis Linn. on acetaminophen induced oxidativedamageinrats, IntJPharmTechRes, 2010; 2(2): 1291-1297.

35.    Hukkeri VI, Akki KS, Sureban RR, Gopalakrishna B, Byahatti VV&RajendraSV, Hepatopro tectiveactivityoftheleaves of NyctanthesarbortristisLinn.,IndJPharmSci, 2006; 68(4): 542-543.

36.    Alamgir M & Uddin SJ, Recent advances on the ethnomedicinalplants as immunomodulatory agents Ethnomedicine. In: A Source ofComplementary Therapeutics, editedby ChattopadhyayD, (Research Signpost, Kerala,India), 2010; 227-244.

37.     Saxena RS, Gupta B, Saxena KK, Srivastava VK & Prasad DN,Analgesic, antipyretic and ulcerogenic activity of Nyctanthes arbor-tristisleafextract, JEthnopharmacol, 1987; 19: 193-200.

38.    BhowmickBN&ChoudharyBK,Antifungalactivityofl eafextracts of medicinal plants on Alternaria alternate (Fr.) Kessler,IndBotRep, 1982; 1(2): 164- 165.