Hyptis sauveolens: A Comprehensive Review of Its Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, and Therapeutic Potential

Ankitha .V¹, Narendra Reddy. A¹, Yalmaji .V², Madhu Harika. B¹*

1. Vikas institute of pharmaceutical sciences, Rajahmundry

2. C.R. Reddy college of pharmacy, Eluru, India

*Correspondence: madhu.bonam12@gmail.com

DOI: https://doi.org/10.71431/IJRPAS.2025.4206  

INTRODUCTION

Wilayati tulsi, also known as Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit, is utilised as a medicinal herb in ethnobotany. It is a member of the family Lamiaceae. The plant has been regarded as a nuisance weed throughout the tropics and subtropics. Traditional medicine uses nearly every aspect of this plant to cure a variety of illnesses. H. suaveolens leaves have been used as a galactogogue, stimulant, carminative, sudorific, and to treat parasite-induced skin conditions [1]. This plant family contains about 210 genera and 3,500 species. Labiatae was the initial name of the family. These undershrubs or herbs, which comprise several beneficial medicinal and sub-medicinal plants, are found in both hemispheres [2].

In India, Hyptis suaveolens is a fairly common plant. The plant is abundant in both the wild and the crops the Indians have cultivated. The Indians called it "Chan/Wilaiti tulsi," and the morning soup produced by combining it with maize was called "Bate," which means "memory aid." Its mucilaginous properties may be enhanced by its fragrant phyto-constituents, which are broken down by digestive secretions. Tea made from the roots of H. Suaveolens is used to purify the blood, and it is also used as a remedy for the “diseases” of women. It has been used as a medicinal tea in many places in Asia,[3] and as a food and source of essential oil in South America (Gentry et al 1990)[4]. It is common weed grown on road side and waste grounds

Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. (Lamiaceae), popularly known in Brazil as “alfazema-brava”, “bamburral” or “tapera velha” is a species native to the Americas that is widely distributed in the tropical and subtropical regions. It is used in folk medicine in the treatment of respiratory and gastrointestinal infections, indigestion, cold, pain, fever, cramps, skin diseases, gastric ulcer and inflammatory conditions (Asekun et al., 1999, Santos et al., 2007, Jesus et al., 2009).

Hyptis suaveolens is known as Ganga Tulsi in Chhattisgarh. This aromatic herb holds a reputed position among the traditional healers of this region, having expertise in treatment of different types of cancer. They use its different parts both internally as well as externally in treatment. The use of leaves externally for treatment of cancerous wound is very popular among the healers [5].

Morphology

Hyptis is an aromatic herb that reproduces through seeds and strapping. It has a strong scent, square hairy tumors, and can grow up to 2 meters long and 2-4 cm wide. The leaves are serrulated, and the bottom is thick and hairy. Smallpox can grow up to three cm in length and has tiny cymes with flowers growing along the branch.The calyx is a flower 5mm long with a fruit length of 10 mm and is ribbed with a blue corolla, Nutlets are roughly 1.21.5 mm ja tiny nut such as fruit or seed) at the end of the container. The flow of water, livestock, and vehicles are used to disperse the seed. It offers a wide variety of pollinators and therefore is an enormous germinating seed. For several years the seed. remain dormant and after rain, the plant aggressively blossom from rootstocks. Its features look like Ocimum organisms morphologically

Distribution

Lamiaceae, also known as Labatae, is a common weed found in various environments. H.suaveolens, an annual herb native to tropical America, spreads wicely in various countries. It is widely distributed and seen as an insidious species in some countries. Hyptis, a weed, is thinning in Northern India, particularly in the Vindhyansk Forest.

Taxonomical classification

Sub kingdom    :           Tracheobionta

Super kingdom: Spermatophyta

Division           :           Magnoliophyte

Class                :           Magnoliopsida

Subclass           :           Asteridae

Order               :           Lamiales

Family             :           Lamiaceae

Genus              :           Hyptis Jacq

Species             :           Hyptis suaveolens (L.) poit

Distribution

Lamiaceae, also known as Labatae, is a common weed found in various environments. H.suaveolens, an annual herb native to tropical America, spreads wicely in various countries. It is widely distributed and seen as an insidious species in some countries. Hyptis, a weed, is thinning in Northern India, particularly in the Vindhyansk Forest.

Phyto constituents

H. Suaveolens is an aromatic medicinal herb character-ized by the presence of diversity of phytochemicals like essential oils, phenolics, di and triterpenoids, steroids, flavonoids, etc. that constitute the chemical profile of the plants. H. suaveolens contain high number of essential oils in oil glands, followed by alkaloids, flavo-noids, tannins, phenolics, and saponins. [8]

Hyptis suaveolens is an important source of essential oils, alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, saponins, terpenes, and sterols, for example diterpenes: suaveolic acid, suaveolol, methyl suaveolate, two steroids: β-sitosterol, ursolic acid, two phenolic constituents: rosamarinic acid and methyl rosmarinate along with some other important constituents oleanoic acid, 3β-hydroxy lup-12-en-28-oic acid, urs-12-en-3β-ol-27-oic acid, 1,19adihydroxy-urs-2(3),12-dien-28-oic acid and 3β-hydroxyl lup-20(29)-en-27-oic acid..( Phyto constituents)[9,10,11,12]Hyptis  suaveolens  contains  many  diverse phytochemicals like α-Phellandrene (12), which is a  monocyclic  terpene  with  a  pleasing  aroma,  α  -pinene  (18)  a  terpene  having  very  reactive  four membered  rings,4,11,11-Trimethyl-8-Methylene-Bicyclo{7.2.0}-Undec-4-ene  (16),  α-Caryophyllene (16b),  3-cyclohexen-1-carboxaldehyde  (17),  5α-androst-2,11-dione  (19),  5α-androst-9(11)-en-12-one  (20),  4-methyl-1-(1-methylethyl)-3-cyclohexen-1-ol  (22),  Thujane  (13),  1  8  cineole(14),  3,7-dimethyl-1,6-octadien-3-ol  (15),  2,5-dimethyl-3-methylene-1,5-heptadiene  (25),  1,3,3-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-ol  (24),α-cymene (26),  elemene  (21).  ).  Iwu et al identified the presence of thirty-two terpenoids with the help of GC-MS analysis.  Limonene  (11);  thujane  (13);  α-pinene  (18);  α-phellandrine(12);  4-methyl-l-(l-methylethyl)-3-cyclohexen-l-ol  (22);  3-cyclohexen-1-carboxyaldehyde  (17);  elemene (21);  4,  11,  1  l-trimethyl-8-methylene  bicyclo {7.2.0}  undec-4-ene  (16);  octahydro-1,  4-dimethylazulene  (23);  5α,  8β,  h-9β,  h-10a-  labd-14-ene;  5α-androst-9(l  l)-en-12-one  (20)  and  5α-androstan-2,11-dione  (19)  were  the  major components  identified.[13]

The chemical composition of essential oils of the leaves of Hyptis suaveolens collected from two different sources in Nigeria; 36 constituents were identified in the oil of sample collected from the campus of Lagos State University (LASU), while 33 constituents were identified in the oil of sample from Obafemi Awolowo University (OAU).A-Pinene (13.6%), sabinene (13.2%), p-cymene (11.7%), terpinen-4-ol (9.8%) and terpinolene (6.3%) were the major monoterpenes in the LASU oil sample, while sabinene (30.0%), terpinen-4-ol (11.4%), terpinolene (5.6%), 1,8-cineole (5.2%), b-pinene (4.4%) and a-terpinene (4.2%) were found to be the main monoterpenes in the OAU oil sample. B-caryophyllene (5.1-5.9%) and trans-a-bergamotene (1.6-5.2%) represented the major sesquiterpenes in both oils [14]. Tchoumbougnang et al evaluated essential oil of four different species of Hyptis and reported sabinene (20.6%), b-caryophyllene (17.5%) and bergamotol (10.9%) as the main constituent of H. suaveolens [15].

Phenolics, steroids, di- and triterpenoids, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins are all part of the unique chemical profile of the aromatic plant H. suaveolens. [16] Prasanna and Koppula's study found that H. suaveolens leaves contain alkaloids (2.80%), flavonoids (1.90%), and tannins (5.50%) [17]. However, the stems only contain alkaloids (1.60%), flavonoids (0.30%), and tannins (0.23%). Suaveolic acid and suaveolol are two diterpenoid chemicals found in H. suaveolens. These compounds inhibit the growth of other plants adjacent to their clusters and have a potent cytotoxic effect. [18] Among the significant bioactive compounds included in H. suaveolens are triterpene and triterpenoid components, including beta-sitosterol, ursolic acid, oleic acid, betulinic acid, and acetylenic acid. [19]

Table 1:  Phytochemical constituents of Hyptis suaveolens

Pharmacological activity

Antioxidant

H. suaveolens, a depository of diverse polyphenolics and flavonoid compounds having effective antioxidant property due to strong radical scavenging ability as determined by several analytical methods including ABTS (2,2′azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) and DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) [20]. Majority of plant species belonging to aromatic family Lamiaceae are rich source of polyphenolic compounds having antioxidative activity [21, 22, 23].Certain plant species in the Lamiaceae family also include antioxidants, such as kaempferol, quercetin, isorhammetin, vitamin C, and vitamin E [24]. A class of polyphenolic chemicals called flavonoids is widely found in plants. Because they contain hydroxyl groups, they may have antioxidative properties and are highly effective at scavenging free radicals that are created as a result of antioxidative stress [25, 26].

Because they can scavenge a variety of ROS species by inhibiting their synthesis by modifying the enzyme activity involved in their production, natural polyphenolic substances with varying hydroxyl groups have antioxidative potential [27]. Flavonoids and other polyphenols may be able to react with non-polar substances in the membrane lipid to stop lipid oxidation, protecting the membrane's structure and functionality [28].

Antibacterial / Antimicrobial

Strong antibacterial activity against pathogenic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Lactobacillus plantarum, Escherichia coli, Vibrio vulnificus, Enterococcus fecalis, Streptococcus fecalis, and Staphylococcus aureus, is demonstrated by the flavonoids and phenolic compounds found in H. suaveolens essential oil [29, 30]. However, because Gram-positive bacteria have an outer hydrophilic membrane, the phenolics and flavonoids in H. suaveolens essential oil have a greater antibacterial effect on them than on Gram-negative bacteria. [31, 32, 33]

At a dosage of 5 mg/ml, another study showed that the essential oil of Hyptis suaveolens leaves had antibacterial action against four gram-negative and two gram-positive bacteria.[34] Several leaf extracts from Hyptis suaveolens were tested in vitro for their antibacterial properties. The steam distillation extract showed broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Micrococcus luteus, and antifungal activity against Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus niger, and Helminthosporium oryzae.

It demonstrated the greatest antifungal and antibacterial efficacy against Aspergillus niger and Micrococcus luteus, respectively [35]. The essential oil of H. suaveolens showed high antibacterial action against filamentous fungi and yeast, along with a modest inhibitory effect on Aspergillus nigers and Candida albicans.[36] The hydrodistilled essential oil of fresh Hyptis suaveolens leaves shown significant antibacterial activity against Mucor sp. in comparison to ketoconazole.[37]

Antidiabetic activity

The anti-diabetic study of the extracts in alloxan-induced diabetic rats, showed significant (p<0.05) reduction in the blood glucose concentration and the result tends to suggest that the methanolic extract of H.suaveolens leavespossess anti-diabetic activity in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. [38]

Hyperglycemia is the metabolic error in which glucose concentration increases in blood due to deficiency or insufficient production of pancreatic hormone insulin resulting in diabetes mellitus. Insulin deficiency in diabetic patient causes several abnormalities like accumulation of lipids (cholesterol and triglyceride).In rats with diabetes caused by streptozotocin, the methanolic extract of H. suaveolens leaves demonstrates anti-hyperglycemic action [39]. By stimulating intracellular calcium accumulation, the pentacyclic triterpenoid ursolic acid, a potent hypoglycemic drug, increases vesicular insulin transport and secretion and triggers insulin uptake by the glucose transporter protein (GLUT4) on the plasma membrane [40]. Additionally, it enhances beta cell function in streptoazotocin-induced diabetic rats, which increases insulin signaling in adipose tissue [41].

Antiulcer

The Hyptis suaveolens aqueousextract showed powerful activity as an ethanolic extract, which concluded that the Hyptis suaveolens plant improves the curing of duodenalulceration and inhibits the production of duodenal ulceration in rats as experiments [42]

Antiplasmodial

A common treatment for malaria is H. suaveolens. It stops strains of Plasmodium falciparum that are both susceptible and resistant to chloroquine from growing in vitro. Erythrocytes undergo this transformation from discocytes to stomatocytes due to a chemical component called dehydroabietinol. Later, a diterpenoid 13alpha-epi-dioxiabiet-8(14)-en-18-ol shows antiplasmodial efficacy after being isolated from H. suaveolens leaves using petroleum ether [43,44].

Hyptis suaveolens commonly used in traditional medicines for malarial medication and increased interest. [45]

The antiplasmodial constituentdehydroabietinol of Hyptis suaveolens showed itsactivity due to transformation of discocytes intostomatocytes. [46]

Wound Healing

During the course of wound healing, a wounded tissue restored to its natural state. It primarily depends on the tissue's ability to heal itself. Remodelling, proliferation, and inflammation are its three stages. The proliferative phase includes collagen deposition, wound contraction, and angiogenesis, which is the process by which endothelial cells create new blood vessels. Alcohol, chloroform, ether, and petroleum extract of H. suaveolens showed wound healing activity by increasing the dry weight, hydroxyproline content, and collagen deposition of granulation tissue, as well as by increasing the antioxidant enzymes and free radical scavenging activity in granuloma cells [47].

Hyptis suaveolens exhibits a substantial increase in strength, breaking strength of granulomas, contraction of wounds, hydroxyprolines, drygranulomas, and reduction in the time of epithelisation. The enhanced wound healing activity could be due to the plant’s free radical cavities and increased levels of antioxidants in granulomas level [48].

The plant's ability to scavenge free radicals and the increased concentrations of antioxidant enzymes in granuloma tissue may be the cause of the improved wound healing activity. Improved antioxidant research may lead to better collagenation.[49]

Anti-inflammatory

Suaveolol and methyl suaveolate, two diterpenes, have anti-inflammatory properties that help prevent croton oil-induced ear dermatitis in mice. It caused oedema inhibition that was dose-dependent [50]. Ursolic acid, a pentacyclic triterpenoid, has strong and efficient anti-inflammatory properties [51]. Several writers have observed that H. suaveolens has an anti-inflammatory effect by scavenging free radicals, much like the common anti-inflammatory medication Ibuprofen.[52,53]

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