Tribulus Terrestis : A Herb of Ancient Wisdom - A Review of it's Medicinal Properties

Dr. Rahane Rahulkumar, Pawar Pravinkumar, Nagare Siddhant*, More Karishma , Prof. Kadam Vaibhav , Musale Yogesh.

 Matoshri Miratai Aher College Of Pharmacy, Karjule Harya, Maaharashtra

*Correspondence: siddhantnagare200@gmail.com

DOI: https://doi.org/10.71431/IJRPAS.2025.4315  

INTRODUCTION

Throughout history, traditional medical systems have utilized medicinal plants to treat a wide range of illnesses and enhance general health. These are plants that contain bioactive substances with medicinal qualities, such as flavonoids, glycosides, tannins, and alkaloids. These substances may possess antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties, among other health- promoting qualities [1].

Fig No 1: Tribulus terrestris (Gokhru)

Herbal medicine, which has its origins in ancient civilizations like Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), Ayurveda in India, and indigenous healing systems in Africa and the Americas, revolves around the use of medicinal herbs. Medicinal plants are still significant today, both in conventional medicine and contemporary pharmacology. Plant-based substances have been the source of many pharmacological medications, including quinine from the cinchona tree and aspirin from willow bark.[2].

Medicinal plants with well-known medicinal powers include ginseng, aloe vera, turmeric, ginger, garlic, and echinacea. For example, aloe vera is frequently utilized in skin care products, while ginger is well-known for its digestive advantages. Phytotherapy or ethnobotany are terms used in contemporary medicine to describe the study of therapeutic plants. The discipline is still growing as scientists try to figure out how these plants work pharmacologically, how successful they are, and how to incorporate them into traditional treatment[3].

Plant profile :

Gokharu, also known as goat head, devil's thorn, or puncture vine, is an annual plant (Tribulus terrestris). The Tribulus genus is a member of the Zygophyllaceae family, which is made up of about 25 distinct plant species that grow as hairy herbs in tropical and subtropical climates.[4] One of the most well-known and widely spread plants in the genus Tribulus is gokharu (Tribulus terrestris). It may be found in desert, subtropical, and Mediterranean regions. Because gokharu (Tribulus terrestris) contains bioactive substances such saponins, alkaloids, tannins, vitamins, glutamic acid, and aspartic acid, it has been used to cure a variety of illnesses. For more than 400 years, the Chinese have used Gokharu (Tribulus terrestris). In Southern Africa, the Masai pierce their children's earlobes with its thorns. The Olympic athletes from Eastern Europe stated in the mid-1990s that Gokhru helped them succeed. It is used to cure gleet, gonorrheal rheumatism with cystitis, gout, and impotence in India. Its ash is also beneficial when applied externally to rheumatic arthritis. Other uses include anticonvulsant, anti-inflammatory, aphrodisiac, cardio tonic, diuretic, and litholytic[4].

Taxonomic classification :

Table no 1 : Taxonomic classification of Tribulus terrestris.

Botanical description :

Macroscopic characters :

The intricacies of Gokhru's (Tribulus terrestris) roots, stem, leaves, flowers, fruit, and seeds are among its macroscopic traits, or elements that are apparent to the unaided eye.The roots are a taproot system that extends far into the ground. They have a thin, somewhat branching form.The leaves are fuzzy-looking because they are compound, pinnate, and have an opposing orientation[9] The leaflets are tiny, elliptical or ovate in form, and their texture is soft and pubescent (hairy).The length of leaflets ranges from 4 to 10 mm.The blooms are yellow, bisexual, and solitary.Flowers have five petals, a radially symmetrical design, and vibrant colors[10].

Microscopic characters :

The Leafs are Single-layered epidermis with polygonal-shaped cells protected by a thick cuticleStomata are present on both the top and lower surfaces, yet they are more common (hypostomatic) on the bottom surface.Trichomes: There are multicellular, non-glandular hairs, particularly on the lower epidermis.Palisade parenchyma, which is located close to the top epidermis, and Spongy parenchyma, which is located below the palisade layer, are the two distinct layers of mesophyll.Palisade cells are long, densely packed cells that help in photosynthesis because they have a lot of chloroplasts[11].

The Bundles of Vascular A noticeable circulatory bundle (collateral) encircled by parenchymatous cells may be found in the midrib area.The tissues of the phloem and xylem are fully formed.Bicollateral vascular bundles are present in the stem.trichomes that are not glandular are abundant on the stem and leaves.Hairs with many cells on the fruit and other components.Radially organized, thick-walled phloem and xylem in the root[12]

Historical review :

Gokhru, also called Tribulus terrestris, has been used for a very long time in traditional medical systems in many different civilizations. For thousands of years, this plant has been known to have therapeutic benefits, particularly in Ayurvedic medicine [13]In the past, it was used to treat infertility, kidney stones, urinary problems, and sexual dysfunction. It was also considered aphrodisiac, a diuretic (raising urine output), and a tonic (improving physical vigor and power)

[14]

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS :

Many different bioactive chemical ingredients are present in gokhru (Tribulus terrestris), which contributes to its therapeutic qualities. Among these components are glycosides, alkaloids, flavonoids, and saponins. An outline of the main chemical components is provided below:In Tribulus terrestris, steroidal saponins—more especially, furostanol and spirostanol saponins are the main class of bioactive chemicals. [15]The most researched saponin in gokhru, protodioscin, is what gives it its aphrodisiac and testosterone-boosting properties. It also contributes to the enhancement of muscular strength and sexual function.The plant's anti-inflammatory and immune-modulatory qualities are associated with the saponins dioscin and diosgeni, which are precursors of steroidal hormones.Another significant saponin with heart-protective properties is triculose.The plant-based flavonoids are Strong antioxidants, kaempferol possesses anti- inflammatory and anti-oxidative stress-reduction capabilities [16]Not only does quercetin have strong antioxidant qualities, but it also has anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and anti-cancer effects.Rutin, a glycoside of quercetin, has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory qualities as well as strengthening blood vessel function.Trace quantities of alkaloids, which give Gokhru part of its physiological effects, are present in it.The putative psychoactive qualities of the harmine and harmane in which these alkaloids are found may be connected to the mood-enhancing effects seen in some traditional applications[17].

One glycoside that has both antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties is called tribuloside. This glycoside helps explain why the plant is useful in treating inflammatory diseases such as arthritis.Tannins are polyphenolic substances that help Tribulus terrestris have its astringent and antibacterial qualities[18]. They aid in tissue infection prevention and wound healing.One type of phytosterol that lowers cholesterol is beta-sitosterol; as a result, it helps to enhance cardiovascular health. It also modulates the immune system and reduces inflammation. Another sterol with anti-inflammatory and cholesterol-lowering properties is stigmasterol[18].

Phytoconstituents :

Different phytoconstituents are found in the roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits, and seeds of the Tribulus terrestris plant, also known as the gokhru plant. Its widespread medical application in conventional medicine is facilitated by these bioactive components. The phytoconstituents found in each section of the Gokhru plant are summarized as follows:

1.   Ancestry [19]

Gokhru's roots are abundant in: Steroid saponins: these include dioscin, diosgenin, and protodioscin.

Alkaloids: Alkaloids have analgesic and neuroprotective effects in trace levels.

Tannins: Offer astringent qualities that support antibacterial and tissue-protective actions.

2. Stem [19]

The stem has lower amounts of steroidal saponins, such as protodioscin, which are known to have an overall positive impact on sexual health and energy improvement.

Flavonoids: The stem contains rutin, quercetin, and kaempferol, which have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.

Phytosterols: Sterols that decrease cholesterol and support heart health include beta-sitosterol and stigmasterol.

Tannins: Support antioxidant and antibacterial properties.

3.   Leaves[20]

The leaves are abundant in flavonoids, which include high levels of rutin, quercetin, and kaempferol. These flavonoids support the actions of vasoprotection, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidants.

Saponins: Steroidal saponins that promote reproductive health and hormone balance, such as protodioscin.

Glycosides: Tribuloside is an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory flavonoid glycoside.

Alkaloids: Contributing to the neuroprotective qualities of the plant, they are present in trace concentrations.

Tannins: Moderately abundant and involved in antibacterial action.

4.   Flowers [19]

The flowers include: The main flavonoids that contribute to their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant qualities are quercetin and kaempferol.

Essential Oils: The blossoms include trace levels of essential oils, which have modest antioxidant and antibacterial properties.

5.   Fruits [20]

The main pharmacologically active portion of the plant is its fruits, also known as schizocarps or burs, which contain:

Saponins: Particularly abundant in the fruit are tribulosin, dioscin, protodioscin, and diosgenin. The flavonoid compounds rutin, quercetin, and kaempferol have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and cardiovascular-protective qualities.

Phytosterols: Significant levels of beta-sitosterol and stigmasterol aid in cholesterol regulation and heart health promotion.

Tannins: Provide antibacterial and astringent properties.

Polysaccharides: Immunomodulatory properties promoting general well-being.

6.   Nuts [20]

Gokhru seeds are abundant in: Vital Fatty Acids: Palmitic acid, oleic acid, and linoleic acid boost general vitality, have anti-inflammatory properties, and are good for the skin.

Saponins: Seeds contain steroidal saponins that support healthy reproduction and hormonal balance, such as protodioscin and diosgenin.

Flavonoids: There are two types of flavonoids that offer antioxidant and cardiovascular protection: quercetin and rutin.

Phytosterols: Promote prostate health and help control cholesterol.

Tannins: Smaller molecules that contribute to the antibacterial action are present.

PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES

Gokhru (Tribulus terrestris) has a variety of pharmacological effects and is well-known for having a high concentration of bioactive substances such saponins, flavonoids, and alkaloids. Its widespread application in conventional medical systems like Ayurveda and Traditional Chinese Medicine can be attributed to these qualities. The main pharmacological effects of gokhru are listed below:

1.  Aphrodisiac and Booster of Testosterone [21]

Gokhru's aphrodisiac qualities are well known, perhaps because it contains steroidal saponins like protodioscin.

By inducing the release of luteinizing hormone (LH), which promotes male fertility, sexual health, and muscular strength, it is known to raise testosterone levels.

It is frequently used to treat diseases like erectile dysfunction and low sperm count. Clinical studies have shown its ability to boost libido and sexual performance in both men and women.

2.  Support for Kidney Health and Diuretics [22]

Gokhru has been used traditionally for its diuretic properties, which aid to improve urine flow and alleviate kidney stones, bladder problems, and urinary tract infections.

It has been demonstrated to be useful in the treatment of urolithiasis (kidney stones), where it helps dissolve the stones and lessen discomfort, and dysuria (painful urination).

Its anti-inflammatory properties ease the urinary tract, and its anti-lithogenic activity stops kidney stones from forming.

3.  Inflammatory

Gokhru's flavonoids, saponins, and other bioactive substances have anti-inflammatory qualities. These characteristics aid in lowering inflammation throughout the body.

Research indicates that it could be useful in the management of inflammatory diseases such as gout, arthritis, and other ailments.

It is helpful in lowering pain, swelling, and stiffness in the joints because it prevents the production of inflammatory cytokines. [23]

4.  Antioxidant

Gokhru's high flavonoid (kaempferol and quercetin) and tannin (saponin) content is the main reason for its potent antioxidant qualities.

These substances lessen oxidative stress and guard against cellular damage by scavenging free radicals. This function contributes to the prevention of illnesses including cancer, neurological disorders, and cardiovascular disease.Overall anti-aging advantages are enhanced by its antioxidant properties.

5.  Protective to the heart

By enhancing cardiac function and lowering the risk of cardiovascular illnesses, gokhru demonstrates cardioprotective properties.

The plant's saponins and phytosterols support improved heart health by lowering triglycerides and cholesterol, particularly LDL cholesterol.

It helps those with hypertension by reducing blood pressure due to its antihypertensive properties. By lowering fluid retention, the diuretic activity also aids in the management of high blood pressure [24]

6.  Bacteriostatic and antimicrobial

The plant has shown antibacterial and antimicrobial properties that aid in the treatment of illnesses.

It is helpful in treating urinary tract infections and other microbial illnesses because of its ability to effectively combat certain bacterial strains, including Staphylococcus aureus and E. coli.

7.  Diabetes preventive

Research has been done on the possible antidiabetic properties of gokhru. By lowering insulin resistance and raising insulin sensitivity, it aids in blood glucose regulation.

According to research on animals, it may help people with type 2 diabetes by lowering their fasting blood glucose levels and improving their overall metabolic profile. [25]

FORMULATION PREPARE FROM GOKHRU AVAILABLE IN MARKET:

1.  Capsules and Tablets[26]

These are some of the most widely used Gokhru supplement varieties.

Usually, they include Gokhru powder extracts that have been standardized for certain phytoconstituents, such as protodioscin.

They are handy for daily usage and come in various strengths.

2.  Powder

The plant's dried and ground parts—typically the seeds or aerial parts are used to make gokhru powder.

This version may be consumed by mixing it with water, yogurt, or smoothies.

In traditional recipes, it is frequently used alone or in combination with other plants.

3.  Tinctures & Liquid Extracts [27]

These are concentrated Gokhru preparations, where the plant is soaked in either water or alcohol. Liquid extracts can be consumed straight or mixed with water for improved absorption.

It's crucial to verify the dose because their concentrations could differ.

4.  Teas Made with Herbs

Sometimes combinations of herbal tea contain gokhru.

These teas are frequently blended with other complimentary herbs and may provide a tastier version of the herb's benefits.

5.  Gokhru Compounds in Herbal Remedies [28]

Gokhru is one of the main constituents in many Ayurvedic formulas for a number of ailments, including renal health, sexual health, and general vigor.

These can be found in the forms of Arishta (fermented herbal decoctions), Rasayana (rejuvenating formulations), and Churna (powder).

6.  Formulations for Combinations [29]

Certain formulations blend Gokhru with other plants to intensify particular benefits, like: With Ashwagandha: To relieve stress and promote general vigor; with Shatavari: To assist women's reproductive health; with Safed Musli: To intensify the aphrodisiac properties.

7.  Preparing Topics

Gokhru is an anti-inflammatory and therapeutic herb that is occasionally included in topical lotions and ointments. It is especially useful for treating skin diseases and painful muscles.

THERAPEUTIC USES

1. Aphrodisiac and Sexual Health[29]

The main benefit of gokhru is that it has aphrodisiac qualities that can improve fertility, libido, and sexual performance.

It is good for male reproductive health since it increases testosterone production and may enhance sperm motility and quality.

In both men and women, it is also used to treat various sexual dysfunctions, including erectile dysfunction.

2.   Kidney health and diuretics [29]

Gokhru is used to strengthen kidney function and increase urine output since it is a strong diuretic.

Because it helps dissolve stones and wash out toxins, it is beneficial in treating kidney stones, bladder problems, and urinary tract infections (UTIs).

In conventional medicine, it is frequently used to treat dysuria (painful urination) and other urinary problems.

3.   Pain alleviation and anti-inflammatory

Gokhru is useful in treating inflammatory illnesses such as gout, arthritis, and other ailments because of its anti-inflammatory qualities.

It increases total mobility by assisting in the reduction of joint discomfort, edema, and stiffness.

4.   Antioxidant

Gokhru's high flavonoid and saponin concentration gives it potent antioxidant qualities [30]

5.   Health of the Heart

By maintaining normal blood pressure and reducing cholesterol and triglyceride levels, the plant promotes cardiovascular health.

Additionally, the heart is shielded from oxidative injury by its antioxidant qualities [31]

6.   Bacteriostatic and antimicrobial

Gokhru is helpful in treating a variety of illnesses, especially those of the urinary system, because it possesses antimicrobial and antibacterial qualities.

It has been demonstrated to stop germs like Staphylococcus aureus and E. coli from growing.

7. Diabetes preventive

The possible antidiabetic properties of gokhru are being investigated; it may help control blood sugar levels and enhance insulin sensitivity.It could help lower fasting blood glucose levels and manage type 2 diabetes[32]

CONCLUSION:

Gokhru, also known as Tribulus terrestris, is a powerful medicinal plant renowned for its many health advantages. It is most recognized for its aphrodisiac qualities, which boost libido and promote reproductive health. Additionally, the herb has strong diuretic properties that support healthy urine function and help alleviate kidney stones.[33] By lowering oxidative stress and inflammation and perhaps lowering the risk of chronic illnesses, its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties promote general wellbeing[34]

Furthermore, gokhru helps maintain cardiovascular health by controlling blood pressure and cholesterol, and its anti-diabetic qualities may aid in controlling blood sugar levels. The plant has the potential to improve skin health and strengthen the immune system [35]

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