A Systematic Review of Cyperus rotundus Linn as an Massive Source of Pharmacologically Active Phyto-Medicine

Dhananjay Shivaji Mane*, Abhishek Kashinath Nangude, Pranali Babuaro Dangat

SGMSPM’s Sharadchandra Pawar College of Pharmacy, Dumbarwadi (Otur), Tal-Junnar, Pune 410504, Maharashtra, India.

*Correspondence: dhananjaymane9922@gmail.com

DOI: https://doi.org/10.71431/IJRPAS.2025.4706  

INTRODUCTION

All traditional medicinal systems rely heavily on herbal medicine, which serves as the foundation for treatment in homoeopathy, naturopathy, Siddha, and Ayurveda. Utilised since ancient times, Cyperus rotundus Linn is a well-known example of a medicinal plant with enormous potential for healing as well as scientific validation. The Cyperus rotundus, a member of the Cyperaceae family, is referred to as Motha. The largest family of monocotyledons is Cyperaceae ¹. About 220 of the over 3000 species that make up the Cyperaceae family are considered to be weeds. In India, the genus Cyperus has about fifty-two species that thrive in wet or marshy environments. Originating in tropical and subtropical regions are the nut sedges. Below earth, the plant develops rhizomes, tubers, basal bulbs, and fibrous roots; above ground, it produces umbels, escapes, and rosettes of leaves. Cyperus scariosus is a fragile, thin sedge of this genus, also known by the names Nut grass, Nagarmotha, and Nagarmustak. The Nagarmotha rhizomes are excavated from the ground and are found 3–4 cm below the surface ². Possess a distinctive smell, being reddish white on the interior and blackish on the outside. The leaves of Cyperus rotundus are linear in shape, dark green in colour, and feature grooves on their upper surface. The stems of the plant can reach a height of approximately 25 cm ³. In ancient times, C. Rotundus powder was used as a flavouring agent on cooked meat, and the starch of the tuber was extracted to prepare noodles ⁴. The rhizome of C. Scariosus is frequently utilised as a phytotherapeutic agent against dysentery in Bangladesh’s tribal districts. This plant’s rhizome yields a viscous essential oil that is amber or light brown, and the tuber extract is used as a fever, diarrhoea, dysentery, cholera, and vomiting treatment ⁵. Prior research has indicated that C. Rotundus exhibits antimicrobial, antifungal, and mosquito-repelling properties. Numerous pharmacological characteristics, including anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity, anti-diabetic, and neuroprotective actions, are present in C. Rotundus ⁶.

Plant morphology:

It contains long rhizomes in ellipsoid form, sometimes tuberous, black-coloured, with a characteristic aromatic odour and taste, up to 60 cm high; leaves are 2-6 mm wide; spikes are ovate, on rays 6 cm long; spikelets are linear, 1-2 cm long, 12-30 flowered, the rachilla winged; scales are purplish, carinate, obtuse; achene is sub-obovoid, trigonal, 1.5 mm long, black, minutely papillate ⁷.

                               
Figure1: medicinal plant of cyperus rotundus

Synonyms:

Synonyms include Abda, Abhra, Ambhoda, Ambudhara, Arnoda, Banya, Bhadrakashi, Bhadramusta, Gajakasheru, Gangeya, Ghana, Granthi, Granthila, Gundra, Gunja, Hima, Jalavaha, Jimuta, Kachchhotha, Kachhola, Kakshottha, Kasheru, Krodakasheruka, Krodeshtha, Kuru, Kurubilwa, Kurubinda, and Ku. Varya, Varah, Varahada, Varahi, Varida, Varidhara, Varidra, Vindakhya, Vishadwanshi, and Vrishadhwakshi. Synonyms include Abda, Abhra, Ambhoda, Ambudhara, Arnoda, Banya, Bhadrakashi, Bhadrakshi, Bhadramusta, Gajakasheru, Gangeya, Ghana, Granthi, Granthila, Gundra, Gunja, Hima, Kalada, Jalavaha, Jimuta, Kachchhotha, Kachhola, Kakshottha, Kasheru, Krodakasheruka, Krodeshtha, Kuru, Kurubilwa, Kurubinda, and Kutannata ⁸.

Taxonomical classification:

·         Kingdom: Plantae        

·         Subkingdom: Tracheobionta

·         Superclassification: Phytoplankton

·         Classification: Magnoliophyta  

·         Category: Liliopsida

·         Sub-class: Commelinidae

·         Family: Cyperaceae;

·         Order: Cyperales         

·         Cyperus rotundus L. Is the species in the genus Cyperus.L. ⁹.

Distribution:

It has been distributed in Africa (Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia, Western Sahara, Chad, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia, Sudan, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Burundi, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Rwanda, Zaire, Benin, Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Guinea, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo, Angola, Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland); Western Indian Ocean (Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, Reunion, Seychelles); Western Asia: Afghanistan, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, Yemen, Palestine, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey); Caucasus: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Russian Federation); Central Asia: Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan); East Asia: China, Japan, Korea, Taiwan, India, Nepal; Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Myanmar; Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines; Europe: (Austria, Switzerland, Albania, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, Romania, Serbia, Slovenia, France, Portugal, Spain); Pacific: (Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Northern Mariana Islands); North America: (United States, Mexico); and South America (Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Argentina) ¹⁰.

                                  
Figure 2: The leaves of cyperus rotundus

Cyperus rotundus details:

Cyperus rotundus, also known as nut-grass, is a perennial sedge that has tall and slender roots that spread widely. It is a thin, subterranean plant with modified, scaly leaves that are first mushy, white, and covered in rhizomes, which eventually turn brown and woody. A rhizome may enlarge upon reaching the surface to form a tiny, rounded structure known as a “basal bulb,” from which roots, shoots, and other rhizomes grow. The nut grass’s rhizomes also produce tubers, which can sprout new rhizomes or plants and store starch as a food source. The tubers are white and delicious while young, but they eventually turn brown and hard. They range in length from 1 to 3.5 cm. The scientific name of the nutgrass, rotundus, meaning “round,” comes from the shape of the tubers. The nutgrass has smooth, erect stems that are typically 30 to 40 cm tall and have a triangular cross-section. The plant’s base is where the leaves begin, and they are grouped in threes on the stem. They are long and slender, measuring 20 to 30 cm in length and 0.2 to 1 cm in width. They have a grooved upper surface and a pointed tip. They are smooth, lustrous, and dark green in colour. This plant bears its blooms in inflorescences, or clusters, at the tips of its stems.The inflorescence is made up of three to nine different-length stalks with purple or reddish-brown spikelets at the terminals. The nutgrass is also known as purple nutsedge because of the colour of the spikelets. Spikelets are 3.5 cm long and contain 10–40 petal-free blooms enclosed in dry, oval-shaped, membrane-covered bracts called glumes. The nut grass yields a dry, up to two millimetre-long, single-seeded fruit that is brown to black with a pattern of grey lines on it ¹¹.

                                          Figure3:  Rhizomes of cyperus rotundus

Indigestion, stomach issues, intestinal parasites, gastrointestinal spasms, nausea, vomiting, and intestinal irritation were all treated with Cyperus rotundus. In addition to being used to make perfumes and splashes, aromatic oils have also been used to treat a variety of medical conditions, including fever, wounds, bruises, and carbuncles; malaria; cough, bronchitis, renal and vesical calculi; urinary tenesmus; amenorrhoea and dysmenorrhea; deficient lactation; memory loss; insect bites; dysuria and bronchitis; infertility; cervical cancer; and menstrual disorders ^{12, 13}. The Ayurvedic system recognised the qualities of Cyperus rotundus rhizomes as antibacterial, sedative, stomachic, vermifuge, tonic, astringent, diaphoretic, diuretic, analgesic, antispasmodic, aromatic, carminative, and antitussive¹⁴.

Chemical constituents:

Flavonoids, tannins, glycosides, furochromones, monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, sitosterol, alkaloids, saponins, terpenoids, essential oils, starch, carbohydrates, protein, and amino acids were identified in phytochemical surveys ¹⁵. Numerous secondary metabolites were found in Cyperus rotundus, including sesquiterpenes (which have a variety of skeletons, including patchoulane, rotundane, eudesmane, guaiane, cadinane, and caryophyllene types), quinones, flavonoids (visnagin, khellin, ammiol, isorhamnetin, and tricin), saponins, alkaloids, phenolic acids (salicylic acid, protocatechuic acid, caffeic acid, and p-coumaric acid), coumarins, and steroids (steroidal glycoside, sitosteryl-(6’-hentriacontanoyl)-ß-dgalactopyranoside¹⁶. Cyperus rotundus tubers had a specific gravity of 0.9689, a refractive index of 1.54051, and an essential oil content of 0.19%. Cyperus rotundus was isolated from Egypt and yielded fifty-two compounds. The primary constituents identified in Cyperus rotundus oil were transpinocarveol (7.92%), α-cyperone (9.07%), cyperene (7.83%), and (+) oxo-α-ylangene (9.35%). On the other hand, the following essential oils were extracted and percentage-wise from Cyperus rotundus tubers: α-pinene 2.87, cyclopentene-3-ethylidene-1-methyl 0.24, sabinene 0.43, β-pinene 2.13, p-cymene 0.18, and 1-limonene (0.28). terpinen-4-ol 0.59, citronellal 0.76, trans-pinocarveol 7.92, 8-cineole 0.36, 4,4-dimethyl-tricyclo-(3,2,1) octan-6on 1.56, p-cymen-8-ol 1.96, 1-α-terpineol 1.45, cis-dihydrocarvone 0.38, myrtenol 1.86, verbenone 1.55, 1-β-4,4-trimethyl-bicyclo (3,2) hept-6-en-2-ol – 1.05, trans-carveol 0.48, carvone 1.95, carvenone 0.32, α-cubebene 0.40, dihydro-carvylacetate 0.93, α-copaene 3.02, isolongifoline 1.66, cyperene 7.83, trans-caryophyllene 3.08, dihydro-aromadendrene 1.47, aromadendrene-epoxide 2.51, naphthalene, 1,6-dimethyl-4-(1-methyl ethyl) 1.09, α-silenene 0.55, cis-calamenene 0.42, trans-calamenene 0.57, elema-1,3,11 (13)-trien-12-ol 0.64, caryophyllene-oxide 2.86, cis-12-caryophyll-5-en-2-one 2.4, caryophylla-2(12), 6(13) dien-5one 1.95, cyclohexane, 1,1,2-trimethyl,3,5 bis- 1-methyl ethyl) 0.97, cyclo-hexenone, 2,3,3trimethyl (3-methyl-butadienyl) 1.06, isopropyl, 4a β, 8a β-dimethyl 3.69, longiverbenone 1.09, 10-epi-α-cyperone 1.00, (+) oxo-α-ylangene 9.35, (+) α−cyperone 9.07, caryophyllenol 2.11, vulgarol A 1.13, vellerdiol 0.77, aristolone 3.54, vulgarol B 0.98, ledenoxide 1.34, dimethyl-7-isopropenyl-bicyclo- Dec-1-en-3-one 2.95, longifolinaldehyde 0.27 and longipynocarvone 2.95 ¹⁷. Cyperus rotundus methanol extracts had greater total flavonoid concentrations (8.15–18.25 mg CE/g of dry matter) than ethanol extracts (6.44–13.77 mg CE/g of dry matter). In addition, Cyperus rotundus methanol extracts had greater total phenolic contents (27.40–37.85 mg GAE/g of dry matter) than ethanol extracts (25.21–30.23 mg GAE/g of dry matter) ¹⁸.   

Figure 4:  Chemical constituents of cyperus rotundus

Medicinal uses:

In accordance with Ayurveda, the rhizomes of C. rotundus are regarded as diuretic, astringent, aromatic, carminative, antitussive, emmenagogue, litholytic, sedative, stimulant, stomachic, vermifuge, tonic, and antibacterial. Given its ingredients, which include numerous enzymes for carbohydrates and minerals that function as catalysts for a variety of metabolic activities and relieve indigestion, it might be a useful treatment for the condition. It is also helpful for managing metabolic disorders and psychotic diseases through diet ¹⁴.

The aromatic oils are used to make perfumes and splashes. They are also used to treat a variety of conditions, including food poisoning, indigestion, nausea, dysuria, bronchitis, fever, malaria, cough, tenesmus, renal and vesical calculi, indigestion, dyspepsia, colic, flatulence, diarrhoea, dysentery, intestinal parasites, fever, and menstrual disorders¹⁹.

PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES:

Anti-inflammatory activity:

The adult albino Wistar rats’ C. Rotundus extract of the tuber portion was used to assess the anti-inflammatory efficacy. Three equal amounts of the powder were extracted and administered to the test group in distilled water, ethanol, and ether. By applying C. Rotundus tuber extract, rat paw oedema induced by carrageenan was shown to be significantly reduced by the extract, according to a review of the literature. The formula used to compute the percentage inhibition of oedema was

                    (Vc−Vt/Vc)×100.

In the treatment group, Vt represents the volume of paw ooedema, and Vc represents the volume of paw ooedema in the control group. Compared to other solvent systems, the ethanolic extract had a strong anti-inflammatory activity ²⁰.

Anticonvulsant action:

In this investigation, the ability of the ethanolic extract of C. Rotundus (EECR) roots and rhizomes to prevent seizures in mice caused by chemoconvulsive drugs (pentylene tetrazole) was assessed. By assessing the amount of biogenic amines throughout the entire brain, the anticonvulsive conclusion was reached. It was discovered that EECR’s effect was dosage dependent. In the mouse brain, catecholamine levels were elevated. GABA, glutamine, and glutamate levels were also increased. EECR exhibits anticonvulsant action in this manner ²¹.

Antimicrobial activity:

An assessment of the in vitro antimicrobial activity of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Cyperus rotundus using the agar disc diffusion method was carried out. The study showed that the aqueous extract was ineffective, while the ethanolic extract proved effective against all the tested bacterial strains ¹⁴.

 Hepatoprotective properties:

The hepatoprotective potential of Cyperus scariosus aqueous-methanolic extract against acetaminophen and CCl₄-induced liver injury was studied. Mice receiving paracetamol at a dose of 1 g/kg showed complete mortality; in contrast, pretreatment with 500 mg/kg of plant extract decreased animal mortality to 30%. Rats treated with 640 mg/kg of paracetamol experienced liver damage and an increase in serum levels of glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GOT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT). Rats’ serum levels of ALP, GOT, and GPT were considerably (P < 0.05) decreased after pretreatment with 500 mg/kg of plant extract. Plant extract at the same dose (500 mg/kg) was able to significantly (P < 0.05) inhibit both the increase in serum enzymes caused by CC14 and the extension of pentobarbital sleeping time caused by CC14 ²².

Antidepressant activity:

Mice treated with the n-hexane extract of C. Scariosus oil showed antidepressant effects. The forced swim test and tail suspension test were used to screen for antidepressant activity in mice at two dose levels of 100 and 200 mg/kg. The results were compared to those of imipramine, the standard medication, at 15 mg/kg. The immobility period was dramatically (p<0.001) reduced by C. Scariosus n-hexane extract oil at both dose levels for FST and TST, comparable to the conventional medication imipramine. Because of the rise in norepinephrine levels in synapses, the n-hexane extract of C. Scariosus oil may have antidepressant properties ²³.

Antidiabetic activity:

 Sprague-Dawley rats were used to test the hydroalcoholic extract of C. Rotundus rhizomes’ antidiabetic properties. Alloxan monohydrate was given intraperitoneally in this study to cause diabetes, which results in a substantial increase in blood glucose levels. When the plant extract was administered on the fifteenth day, the blood glucose level was lower than when metformin was used. This finding implies that C. Rotundus rhizomes’ aqueous ethanolic extract has strong hypoglycemic action ²⁴.

Wound healing activity:

This study evaluates the wound healing property of EECR tubers on the basis of traditional use and literature references. In this study three types of wound models: the excision, the incision, and dead space wound models which were treated with an ointment containing the alcoholic plant extract. Wound healing potential was monitored by wound contraction, wound closure time, the wound area, and tensile strength, respectively. The present investigation revealed that the test extract in varying concentrations in the ointment base was capable of producing a significantly different response in wound healing activity on both wound models as compared to the standard nitrofurazone, and the increase in tensile strength as compared to the control group may be due to the increase in collagen concentration. The results obtained suggest that the alcoholic extract of these Cyperus species can serve as a potential source as a natural wound healing agent, which may be due to the presence of its active principles ²⁵.

Antioxidant activity:

The evaluation of the antioxidant property of EECR was carried out by the in vitro non-enzymatic glycosylation of the haemoglobin method. This article demonstrated that the presence of flavonoids, ascorbic acid, and polyphenols within the ethanolic extract of the plant may be responsible for this activity. Since non-enzymatic glycosylation of haemoglobin is an oxidation reaction, an antioxidant is expected to inhibit the reaction.This article demonstrated that the presence of flavonoids, ascorbic acid, and polyphenols within the ethanolic extract of the plant may be responsible for this activity. Since non-enzymatic glycosylation of haemoglobin is an oxidation reaction, an antioxidant is expected to inhibit the reaction ²⁶.

Anti-diarrhoeal property:

One of the main causes of malnutrition and mortality in children under five is diarrhoea. Acute diarrhoea is commonly treated with traditional medicine. When castor oil was used to induce diarrhoea in mice, the anti-diarrhoeal properties of two fractions (methanolic and petroleum ether) of the rhizome of C. Rotundus showed notable efficacy ³. The role of C. Rotundus decoction against diarrhoea and in the lack of antibacterial action due to the mechanism of bacterial pathogenicity was investigated by Daswani et al. ²⁷. 

Anti-tumour/carcinogenic property:

Uncontrolled cell division causes the body’s tissue to be destroyed in cancer. A number of vitamins and plants are used as a natural cancer therapy. K562 erythroleukemia cells are inhibited by the Ethyl Acetate (EA) and TOF-enriched extracts, according to Kilani-Jaziri et al. ²⁸. The stimulation of apoptosis and the activation of phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) may be the cause of the reduction of K562 cell proliferation. Human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells were shown to be resistant to proliferation when exposed to an ethanol extract of C. Rotundus. It was linked to the activation of Bcl-2, survivin, and death receptors that induce apoptosis ²⁹. According to [Nam JH et al., 2016], the hexane fraction of valencene from C. Rotundus reduced the amount of melanin in mouse B16F10 melanoma cells after UVB irradiation and exhibited therapeutic benefits on UV-induced photoaging. The migration assay demonstrated the inhibitory impact of the methanolic extract of C. Rotundus rhizome, which exhibited cytotoxic effects on various cancer cell lines ranging from 4.52±0.57.to 9.85±0.68 μg/mL ³⁰.

Anti-allergic activity:

The anti-allergic activity of sesquiterpenes identified from the ethanolic extract of C. Rotundus (CRE) rhizomes was discovered. These sesquiterpenes include valencene, nootkatone, carryophyllene α-oxide, β-pinene, limonene, 4-cymene, and 1,8-cineole. Three subjects were examined in order to assess this study protocol: The measurement of 5lipoxygenase (5-LOX) catalysed leukotriene (LT) production, effect on antigen-induced βhexosaminidase degranulation through the initial activation of Lyn phophorylation in immunoglobulin E stimulated RBL-2H3 cells, and effect on delayed type hypersensitivity reaction induced by picryl chloride. Sesquiterpenes were found to impede the 5-LOX-catalysed LT synthesis ³¹.

Anti-malarial activity:

In an in vitro test against Plasmodium falciparum (EC₅₀ = 0.66 pg ml⁻¹), it was shown that the crude hexane extracts of the air-dried tubers of Cyperus rotundus exhibited remarkable potency. The findings demonstrated the plant’s notable anti-malarial ability ³².

Antifungal activity:

The antifungal qualities of essential oils extracted from the leaves of 14 different plants were evaluated against six different dermatophytes: Keratinomyces jelloi, Microsporum gypseum, Trichophyton Equinum, T. Mentagrophytes, T. Rubrum, and T. Terrestre. Motia was active against certain fungi. The essential oil from Cyperus scariosus had great activity against all dermatophytes, whereas essential oils from Murraya Koenigii, Thuj aorientalis, Mimusops elengi, and Cymbopogon Martini var. Motia were active against certain fungi ³³ .

 The antifungal activity of fresh and distilled C. Scariosus rhizome from Uttar Pradesh and MadhyaPradesh, India, as well as steam-distilled essential oil, were tested by Dubey et al. (2011) against the phytopathogenic fungus Rhizoctonia solani. The highest fungitoxicity was found in fresh rhizomes from U.P. and M.P., with ED50 values of 448 and 478 μg/ml, respectively, while the ED50 of steam distilled oil from these two states was reported as 512 and 517 μg/ml, respectively. The least active oil was that made from distilled rhizomes, with an ED50 of 1032 μg/ml for M.P. oil and 1007 μg/ml for up oil ³⁴.

Antibacterial activity:

By using solvent-solvent partitioning and chromatographic techniques, longiverbenone, a naturally occurring sesquiterpene, was extracted from the ethanolic extract of the rhizome of the Cyperus scariosus plant. Using the disc diffusion method, the antibacterial activity of longiverbenone was assessed against eleven possible human pathogenic microorganisms. The broth macrodilution method was used to calculate the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ³⁵.

Anti-ulcer activity:

A study conducted in vivo using two different animal models revealed that the powdered rhizomes of Cyperus rotundus had the ability to prevent ulcers. According to the study, Cyperus rotundus’s potent antioxidant activity gives it antiulcer qualities ³⁶.

Anti-Alzheimer activity:

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive, irreversible illness that causes neurodegeneration and cognitive impairment. In the brains of AD patients, amyloid plaques, microtubule fibres, and neurofibrillary tangles are seen. It is well recognised that oxidative stress is crucial to the pathophysiology of AD ³⁷. Following rats treated with amyloid β peptide (Aβ) to cause memory impairment, the hydroalcoholic fraction of C. Rotundus alleviated learning impairment ³⁸. One of the main ingredients in C. Rotundus, α-Cyperone, interacts and binds to tubulin, destabilising microtubule polymerisation and reducing inflammation liked to AD ³⁹.

CONCLUSION

Several C. Rotundus L. Activities were reassessed in this study for their individual pharmacological activity using recent research publications. Since it has been routinely used to treat a variety of common diseases for decades. To prove that this plant is medicinally active, human clinical trials on its current pharmacological properties may be conducted. This plant species’ diverse ethnomedical, pharmacological, and therapeutic qualities have led to the development of nutraceuticals and pharmaceutical products, demonstrating its efficacy in treating a range of illnesses. The quantities of volatile oils, flavonoids, phenolic acids, coumarins, steroids, and iridoid glycosides in the rhizomes and tubers of C. Scariosus vary. Sesquiterpenoids are the primary constituent of the volatile essential oil. In conclusion, C. Scariosus has a great deal of promise for usage in the pharmaceutical industry because it contains a variety of phytochemicals.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT- The authors are grateful to Sharadchandra  pawar college of pharmacy for its continuous support and Encouragement.

CONFLITS OF INTEREST – There is no conflict of interest.

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