International Journal of Research in Pharmacy and Allied Science

ISSN: 2583-6544   |  Issues per year: Monthly  |   Indexed In: Google Scholar, CORE, ScienceOpen, Researchgate

ISSN:2583-6544

Abstract View

Beyond Diarrhea Control: Emerging Neuroimmune and Psychobiotic Roles of Bacillus clausii

Author(s): Shravani A. Mete*1, Pratiksha M. Tarale2, Dr. Sagar N. Ande3, Dr. Pramod V. Burakle4

Email(s): 1shravanimete@gmail.com

Address:

    Dept. of Pharmacology, Dr. Rajendra Gode Institute Of Pharmacy, Ghatkheda, Amravati – 444602

Published In:   Volume - 5,      Issue - 3,     Year - 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.71431/IJRPAS.2026.5306  

 View HTML        View PDF

Please allow Pop-Up for this website to view PDF file.

ABSTRACT:
Bacillus clausii, a gram positive, rod shaped, spore forming bacterium, has been used for decades as a probiotic for the prevention and treatment of gastrointestinal diseases, especially diarrhea. From an immunological point of view, it acts as a classic probiotic, affecting both innate and adaptive immunity. It stimulates the production of secretory IgA and helps maintain the balance between the Th1/Th2 response, acting through cytokines such as IFN-γ and IL-12, which can improve the mucosal barrier and systemic inflammation that can cause CNS dysfunction. In addition to its effects on the gastrointestinal tract, new findings suggest that Bacillus clausii has the potential for neuroprotection, acting on the metabolic network, which can be useful for the development of psychobiotics. With the increasing awareness that the brain, the gut, and the immune system form a regulatory network, the findings of the present study demonstrate the immunological and neuroprotective potential of Bacillus clausii, which can be useful for the development of new therapeutic strategies, especially with the use of animal models, for the treatment of inflammation, anxiety, and cognitive impairment.

Keywords:

Cite this article:
Shravani A. Mete*, Pratiksha M. Tarale, Dr. Sagar N. Ande, Dr. Pramod V. Burakle . Beyond Diarrhea Control: Emerging Neuroimmune and Psychobiotic Roles of Bacillus clausii. IJRPAS, March 2026; 5(3): 70-86.DOI: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.71431/IJRPAS.2026.5306


   Rubbani U, Iqbal A. Evaluation  of isolated lactobacillus strains as probiotics in yoghurt preparation. Adv Life Sci. 2020;7(2):79–85.

2.    Gupta V, Garg R. PROBIOTICS. Indian J Med Microbiol. 2009;27(3):202–9. doi:10.4103/0255-0857.53201

3.    Kechagia M, Basoulis D, Konstantopoulou S, Dimitriadi D, Gyftopoulou K, Skarmoutsou N, et al. Health Benefits of Probiotics: A Review. ISRN Nutr. 2013;2013:1–7. doi:10.5402/2013/481651

4.    Cryan JF, O’Riordan KJ, Cowan CSM, Sandhu KV, Bastiaanssen TFS, Boehme M, et al. The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis. Physiol Rev. 2019;99(4):1877–2013. doi:10.1152/physrev.00018.2018

5.    Urdaci MC, Bressollier P, Pinchuk I. Bacillus clausii Probiotic Strains: Antimicrobial and Immunomodulatory Activities. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2004;38:S86. doi:10.1097/01.mcg.0000128925.06662.69

6.    Ghelardi E, Abreu y Abreu AT, Marzet CB, Álvarez Calatayud G, Perez M, Moschione Castro AP. Current Progress and Future Perspectives on the Use of Bacillus clausii. Microorganisms. 2022;10(6):1246. doi:10.3390/microorganisms10061246

7.    Abreu AT, Vázquez Frías R, Boggio Marzet C, Stefanolo JP, Concha Mejía A, Bustos Fernández L, et al. Effectiveness of Bacillus clausii (O/C, N/R, SIN, T) in the Prevention of Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea and Gastrointestinal Symptoms: A Systematic Review. Antibiotics. 2025;14(5):439. doi:10.3390/antibiotics14050439

8.    Rehman MU, Ghazanfar S, Ul Haq R, Ullah S, Khan S, Wu J, et al. Probiotics (Bacillus clausii and Lactobacillus fermentum NMCC-14) Ameliorate Stress Behavior in Mice by Increasing Monoamine Levels and mRNA Expression of Dopamine Receptors (D1 and D2) and Synaptophysin. Front Pharmacol. 2022;13. doi:10.3389/fphar.2022.915595

9.    Pretreatment with probiotics (Bacillus safensis NMCC-189 and Bacillus clausii) prevents epileptogenesis in mice via modulation of BBB integrity, oxidative stress, and neurotransmitter balance | Inflammopharmacology | Springer Nature Link [Internet]. [cited 2026 Feb 14]. Available from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10787-025-01990-w

10.  Immunomodulatory and Antioxidant Properties of a Novel Potential Probiotic Bacillus clausii CSI08 [Internet]. [cited 2026 Feb 14]. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/11/2/240

11.  Ciprandi G, Vizzaccaro A, Cirillo I, Tosca MA. Bacillus clausii exerts immuno-modulatory activity in allergic subjects: a pilot study. Eur Ann Allergy Clin Immunol. 2005;37(4):129–34. PubMed PMID: 15916013.

12.  Protective action of Bacillus clausii probiotic strains in an in vitro model of Rotavirus infection | Scientific Reports [Internet]. [cited 2026 Feb 14]. Available from:

        https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-69533-7

13.  Probiotics and Paraprobiotics: Effects on Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis and Their Consequent Potential in Neuropsychiatric Therapy | Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins | Springer Nature Link [Internet]. [cited 2026 Feb 14]. Available from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12602-024-10214-6

14.  Sittipo P, Choi J, Lee S, Lee YK. The function of gut microbiota in immune-related neurological disorders: a review. J Neuroinflammation. 2022;19(1):154. doi:10.1186/s12974-022-02510-1

15.  Sadrimovahed M, Ulusoy BH. Bacillus clausii: A Review into Story of Its Probiotic Success and Potential Food Applications. Fermentation. 2024;10(10):522. doi:10.3390/fermentation10100522

16.  Frontiers | Bacillus As Potential Probiotics: Status, Concerns, and Future Perspectives [Internet]. [cited 2026 Feb 14]. Available from:

        https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/microbiology/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2017.01490/full

17.  Bravo JA, Forsythe P, Chew MV, Escaravage E, Savignac HM, Dinan TG, et al. Ingestion of Lactobacillus strain regulates emotional behavior and central GABA receptor expression in a mouse via the vagus nerve. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2011;108(38):16050–5. doi:10.1073/pnas.1102999108

18.  Bonaz B, Bazin T, Pellissier S. The Vagus Nerve at the Interface of the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis. Front Neurosci. 2018;12. doi:10.3389/fnins.2018.00049

19.  Yano JM, Yu K, Donaldson GP, Shastri GG, Ann P, Ma L, et al. Indigenous Bacteria from the Gut Microbiota Regulate Host Serotonin Biosynthesis. Cell. 2015;161(2):264–76. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2015.02.047 PubMed PMID: 25860609.

20.  Dalile B, Van Oudenhove L, Vervliet B, Verbeke K. The role of short-chain fatty acids in microbiota–gut–brain communication. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019;16(8):461–78. doi:10.1038/s41575-019-0157-3

21.  Cryan JF, O’Riordan KJ, Cowan CSM, Sandhu KV, Bastiaanssen TFS, Boehme M, et al. The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis. Physiol Rev. 2019;99(4):1877–2013. doi:10.1152/physrev.00018.2018

22.  Fung TC, Olson CA, Hsiao EY. Interactions between the microbiota, immune and nervous systems in health and disease. Nat Neurosci. 2017;20(2):145–55. doi:10.1038/nn.4476

23.  Gut–Brain Axis: Role of Gut Microbiota on Neurological Disorders and How Probiotics/Prebiotics Beneficially Modulate Microbial and Immune Pathways to Improve Brain Functions [Internet]. [cited 2026 Feb 18]. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/21/20/7551

24.  Acosta-Rodríguez-Bueno CP, Abreu y Abreu AT, Guarner F, Guno MJV, Pehlivanoğlu E, Perez M. Bacillus clausii for Gastrointestinal Disorders: A Narrative Literature Review. Adv Ther. 2022;39(11):4854–74. doi:10.1007/s12325-022-02285-0

25.  Acosta-Rodríguez-Bueno CP, Abreu y Abreu AT, Guarner F, Guno MJV, Pehlivanoğlu E, Perez M. Bacillus clausii for Gastrointestinal Disorders: A Narrative Literature Review. Adv Ther. 2022;39(11):4854–74. doi:10.1007/s12325-022-02285-0

26.  Kasarello K, Cudnoch-Jedrzejewska A, Czarzasta K. Communication of gut microbiota and brain via immune and neuroendocrine signaling. Front Microbiol. 2023;14. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2023.1118529

27.  A Narrative Review of Psychobiotics: Probiotics That Influence the Gut–Brain Axis [Internet]. [cited 2026 Feb 15]. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/60/4/601

28.  Kandil A. The Effects of a Probiotic (Bacillus clausii) in Acute Kidney Injury in a Rat Model of LPS-Induced Endotoxemia. Eur J Biol. 2021;80(1):48–53.

29.  Gut Bacteria and Neurotransmitters [Internet]. [cited 2026 Feb 15]. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/10/9/1838

30.  Frontiers | Probiotics in Medicine: A Long Debate [Internet]. [cited 2026 Feb 15]. Available from: https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/immunology/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2020.02192/full

31.  Updates on the Role of Probiotics against Different Health Issues: Focus on Lactobacillus [Internet]. [cited 2026 Feb 15]. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/1/142

32.  Naomi R, Embong H, Othman F, Ghazi HF, Maruthey N, Bahari H. Probiotics for Alzheimer’s Disease: A Systematic Review. Nutrients. 2022;14(1):20. doi:10.3390/nu14010020

33.  Eladawy RM, Ahmed LA, Salem MB, El-Sayed RM, Salem HA, Mohamed AF. Probiotics reverse gut dysbiosis and memory impairment associated with esomeprazole use in chronically stressed rats: A significant neuroprotective role for cholecystokinin. Int Immunopharmacol. 2025;150:114227. doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2025.114227

34.  Bacillus clausii and gut homeostasis: state of the art and future perspectives: Expert Review of Gastroenterology & Hepatology: Vol 10, No 8 [Internet]. [cited 2026 Feb 15]. Available from: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17474124.2016.1200465

35.  Bacillus clausii Attenuates 5-Fluorouracil-Induced Intestinal Mucositis in Mice [Internet]. [cited 2026 Feb 15]. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8247/17/12/1676

36.  Aghighi F, Salami M. What we need to know about the germ-free animal models. AIMS Microbiol. 2024;10(1):107–47. doi:10.3934/microbiol.2024007 PubMed PMID: 38525038; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC10955174.

37.  A Consensus Statement on establishing causality, therapeutic applications and the use of preclinical models in microbiome research | Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology [Internet]. [cited 2026 Feb 19]. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41575-025-01041-3

38.  Delannoy E, Grassart A, Daniel C. Gut bioengineered models to study host-microbiota-probiotics interactions. Microbiome Res Rep. 2025;4(4):39. doi:10.20517/mrr.2025.45 PubMed PMID: 41403882; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC12702652.

39.  Worms need microbes too: microbiota, health and aging in Caenorhabditis elegans | EMBO Molecular Medicine | Springer Nature Link [Internet]. [cited 2026 Feb 15]. Available from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1002/emmm.201100972

40.  Kim DH, Ausubel FM. Evolutionary perspectives on innate immunity from the study of Caenorhabditis elegans. Curr Opin Immunol. 2005;17(1):4–10. doi:10.1016/j.coi.2004.11.007

41.  O’Donnell MP, Fox BW, Chao PH, Schroeder FC, Sengupta P. A neurotransmitter produced by gut bacteria modulates host sensory behaviour. Nature. 2020;583(7816):415–20. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2395-5

42.  Lemaitre B, Miguel-Aliaga I. The Digestive Tract of Drosophila melanogaster. Annu Rev Genet. 2013;47(Volume 47, 2013):377–404. doi:10.1146/annurev-genet-111212-133343

43.  Drosophila Microbiome Modulates Host Developmental and Metabolic Homeostasis via Insulin Signaling | Science [Internet]. [cited 2026 Feb 15]. Available from: https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/science.1212782

44.  Zhong X, Li J, Lu F, Zhang J, Guo L. Application of zebrafish in the study of the gut microbiome. Anim Models Exp Med. 2022;5(4):323–36. doi:10.1002/ame2.12227

45.  Ni Y, Zhang Y, Zheng L, Rong N, Yang Y, Gong P, et al. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus improve inflammatory bowel disease in zebrafish of different ages by regulating the intestinal mucosal barrier and microbiota. Life Sci. 2023;324:121699. doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121699

46.  Bacillus subtilis KM0 Impacts gut Microbiota Profile and Transcription of Genes Related to Transcellular Transport in Zebrafish (Danio rerio) | Current Microbiology | Springer Nature Link [Internet]. [cited 2026 Feb 15]. Available from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00284-023-03240-0

47.  Frontiers | Evaluating the Capacity of Human Gut Microorganisms to Colonize the Zebrafish Larvae (Danio rerio) [Internet]. [cited 2026 Feb 15]. Available from:

       https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/microbiology/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2018.01032/full

48.  Frontiers | Feed, Microbiota, and Gut Immunity: Using the Zebrafish Model to Understand Fish Health [Internet]. [cited 2026 Feb 15]. Available from:

       https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/immunology/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2020.00114/full

49.  Soares MB, Martinez RCR, Pereira EPR, Balthazar CF, Cruz AG, Ranadheera CS, et al. The resistance   of Bacillus, Bifidobacterium, and Lactobacillus strains with claimed probiotic properties in different food matrices exposed to simulated gastrointestinal tract conditions. Food Res Int. 2019;125:108542. doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2019.108542

50.  Probiotic isolates from unconventional sources: a review | Journal of Animal Science and Technology | Springer Nature Link [Internet]. [cited 2026 Feb 15]. Available from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s40781-016-0108-2

51.  Mazzantini D, Calvigioni M, Celandroni F, Saba A, Ghelardi E. In Vitro Analysis of an Alkalihalobacillus clausii Spore-Based Probiotic Formulation Clarifies the Mechanisms Underlying Its Beneficial Properties. Biomolecules. 2025;15(9):1294. doi:10.3390/biom15091294

52.  Sanders ME, Benson A, Lebeer S, Merenstein DJ, Klaenhammer TR. Shared mechanisms among probiotic taxa: implications for general probiotic claims. Curr Opin Biotechnol. 2018;Food biotechnology • Plant biotechnology49:207–16. doi:10.1016/j.copbio.2017.09.007

53.  Promising clinical and immunological efficacy of Bacillus clausii spore probiotics for supportive treatment of persistent diarrhea in children | Scientific Reports [Internet]. [cited 2026 Feb 15]. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-56627-9

54.  Personalized Gut Mucosal Colonization Resistance to Empiric Probiotics Is Associated with Unique Host and Microbiome Features: Cell [Internet]. [cited 2026 Feb 19]. Available from: https://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(18)31102-4?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0092867418311024%3Fshowall%3Dtrue&

55.  Silva YP, Bernardi A, Frozza RL. The Role of Short-Chain Fatty Acids From Gut Microbiota in Gut-Brain Communication. Front Endocrinol. 2020;11. doi:10.3389/fendo.2020.00025

56.  Hashemi R, Raouf MMHM, Salih TS, Feyzpour M, Eskandarioun M, Nezamabadipour N, et al. Impact of probiotic supplementation on serum levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor: GRADE-based dose-response meta-analysis. BMC Nutr. 2025;11(1):161. doi:10.1186/s40795-025-01152-9

 

Related Images:



Recent Images



Pharmacological Properties of Amomum subulatum Roxb., a Significant Medicinal Herb
Synthesis of Thiourea Derivatives as Bioisosteric Structures of SERMs Pursuant to Virtual Screening
A Narrative Review of the Prevalence, Types, and Contributing Factors of Drug-Related Problems in Hospitals.
A Review on Nature’s Neglected Treasures Unveiling Medicinal Use of Common Weeds in Drug Therapy: A Statistical Survey
Implantable Drug Delivery Systems: A Comprehensive Review with Recent Advancements
Beyond Diarrhea Control: Emerging Neuroimmune and Psychobiotic Roles of Bacillus clausii
Artificial Intelligence-Enabled Quality by Design and Regulatory Science for Apixaban Orodispersible Tablets: A Critical Review of Clinical Rationale, Formulation Strategy, and Submission-Ready Documentation for Stroke Prevention
Analysis of pro inflammatory cytokinse response among hepatitis B patients co-infected with Plasmodium falciparum in Khartoum state, Sudan
Dual Incretin Agonism in Type 2 Diabetes and Obesity: Systematic Review of Tirzepatide Mechanisms and Clinical Outcomes
Green Synthesized Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles from Mimusops elengi Flowers: UV Characterization and Antidiabetic Potential

Tags


Quick Links


Latest Issues

Popular Articles