Author(s):
Outoor H Taha¹1, Amna B Hamadnaallah²2, Danya H Taha23, Hind H Taha34, Wahaj M. Mohammed45, Abdelhakam H Ali56, Salah Marajan57, Abdulbasit Faraj Hadhr68
Email(s):
1daniataha78@gmail.com
Address:
1. The National University, Khartoum, Sudan, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Science, Department of Parasitology.
2. The National University, Khartoum, Sudan, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Science, Department of Microbiology.
2. Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy.
3. University of Kordofan, Al-Ubayyid, Sudan, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology.
4. Shendi University, Shendi, Sudan, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Science, Department of Parasitology.
5. University of Al Butana, Gezira, Sudan, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Science, Department of Microbiology.
5. The National University, Khartoum, Sudan, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Science, Department of Microbiology.
6. Oassar International University, Libya, Saraj Ealem Institute of Medical Science, Libya.
Published In:
Volume - 5,
Issue - 3,
Year - 2026
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.71431/IJRPAS.2026.5308 
View HTML
View PDF
Please allow Pop-Up for this website to view PDF file.
1. Snow RW, Korenkromp EL &Gouws E (2004) Pediat-ric mortality in Africa:Plasmodiumfalciparummalariaas a cause or risk.Am J Trop Med Hyg71(Suppl. 2),16–24.
2. E. Korenromp, J. Miller, B. Nahlen, T. Wardlaw M. Young, World Malaria Report 2005, Technical Report, World Health Organization, Geneva, 2005.
3. T. Hanscheid, Current strategies to avoid misdiagnosis of malaria, Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 9 (2003) 497–504.
4. WHO, Basic Malaria Microscopy. Part I. Learner’s Guide, World Health Organization, 1991.
5. M.M. Kettelhut, P.L. Chiodini, H. Edwards, A. Moody, External quality assessment schemes raise standards: evidence from the UKNEQAS parasitology subschemes, J. Clin. Pathol. 56 (2003) 927–932.
6. Snow RW. Global malaria eradication and the importance of Plasmodium falciparum epidemiology in Africa. BMC Med. 2015 Feb 03;13:23. [Abstract]
7. Garcia LS. Malaria. Clin Lab Med. 2010 Mar;30(1):93-129. [Abstract]
8. Breman JG. Eradicating malaria. SciProg. 2009;92(Pt 1):1-38. [Abstract]
9. Shepardcw, simard ep, finelli l, fiore ae, bell bp. Hepatitis b virus infection: epidemiology andvaccination. Epidemiol rev. 2006; 28(1): 112 – 25.
10. Poland ga. Hepatitis b immunization in health care workers dealing with vaccine non-response.Am j prev med 1998;15(1):73_7.
11. .Helsl j, castrova j, benes c, novotna l, spkowitz ka, dehovitz
12. Control of occupational hepatitis b among healthcare workers in the Czech 1982 to 1995
13. Infect control hosp epidemiol 2000; 21(5): 343-6.
14. zukerman .jn, zukerman aj. Current topics in hepatitis. J infect 2000; 41(2): 130–6
15. Franco E, Bagnato B, Marino MG, Meleleo C, Serino L, Zaratti L. Hepatitis B : Epidemiology and prevention in developing countries. World J hepatol. 2012;4(3):74–80.DOI10.4254-wjh.v4.i3.74PubMed:22489259
16. Cdc. Hepatitis b faqs for the public | division of viral hepatitis | cdc. 2016[cited2018jan9].Availaple from:https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/hepatitis b/bfaq.htm.
17. Nguyen mh, keeffe eb. Are hepatitis b e antigen (hbeag)-positive chronic hepatitis b and hbeag negative chronic hepatitis b distinct diseases? Clin infect dis 2008. Nov;47(10):1312-1314. 10.1086\59257.
18. Anabire NG, Aryee PA, Abdul-Karim A, Quaye O, Awandare GA, Helegbe GK. (2019). Impact of malaria and hepatitis B co-infection on clinical and cytokine profiles among pregnant women. PLOS ONE, 14(4): e0215550. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.021555
19. (Paulyn Tracy Aernan, Terdzungwe Thaddaeus Sar, Simon Hiifan Torkula, Prevalence of Plasmodia and hepatitis B virus co-infection in blood donors at Bishop Murray Medical Centre, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria, Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, Volume 4, Issue 3, 2011,.)
20. Monsalve-De Castillo F, Romero TA, Estevez J, Costa LL, Atencio R, Porto L, et al. Concentrations of cytokines, soluble interleukin-2 receptor, and soluble CD30 in sera of patients with hepatitis B virus infection during acute and convalescent phases. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 2002;9(6):1372-5. [PubMed ID: 12414777]. https://doi.org/10.1128/CDLI.9.6.1372-1375.2002.
21. Penna A, Del Prete G, Cavalli A, Bertoletti A, D'Elios MM, Sorrentino R, et al. Predominant T-helper 1 cytokine profile of hepatitis B virus nucleocapsid-specific T cells in acute self-limited hepatitis B. Hepatology. 1997;25(4):1022-7.[PubMed ID: 9096614]. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.510250438.
22. Pasquetto V, Guidotti LG, Kakimi K, Tsuji M, Chisari FV. Host-virus interactions during malaria infection in hepatitis B virus transgenic mice. J Exp Med. 2000 Aug 21;192(4):529-36. doi: 10.1084/jem.192.4.529. PMID: 10952722; PMCID: PMC2193244.
23. Mor G, Cardenas I, Abrahams V, and Guller S. Inflammation and pregnancy: the role of the immune system at the implantation site. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2011; 1221(1):80–7.
24. Eldaim N, and Elbadawi E. The effect of malaria on biochemical liver function parameters in Sudanese pregnant women. Journal of Physiobiochemical Metabolism. 2012
25. Mahtab M-A, Rahman S, Khan M, Mamun A, and Afroz S. Etiology of fulminant hepatic failure: experiencefrom a tertiary hospital in Bangladesh. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int. 2008; 7(2):161–4. PMID:18397851
26. Ifudu O, and Fowler A. Hepatitis B virus infection and the response to erythropoietin in end-stage renal disease. ASAIO journal. 2001; 47(5):569–72. PMID: 11575840
27. Elefsiniotisa IS, Brokalakia H, Argyropoulosa E, Magaziotou I, Derdemezib A, Mihasa C, and Tsoumakasb K. Evaluation of liver enzymes in asymptomatic chronic hepatitis B virus infected pregnant women. Annals of Gastroenterology: Quarterly Publication of the Hellenic Society of Gastroenterology. 2013; 26(1):59.
28. Nmorsi O, Isaac C, Ohaneme B, and Obiazi H. Pro–inflammatory cytokines profiles in Nigerian pregnant women infected with Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine.2010; 3(9):731–3.
29. Suguitan AL Jr, Cadigan TJ, Nguyen TA, Zhou A, Leke RJ, Metenou S, Thuita L, Megnekou R, Fogako J, Leke RG, and Taylor DW. Malaria-associated cytokine changes in the placenta of women with preterm
30. deliveries in Yaounde, Cameroon. The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene. 2003 Dec 1; 69(6):574–81. PMID: 14740871
31. Holz LE, Fernandez-Ruiz D, and Heath WR. Protective immunity to liver-stage malaria. Clinical & translational immunology. 2016 Oct; 5(10):e105
32. Dunn C, Brunetto M, Reynolds G, Christophides T, Kennedy PT, Lampertico P, Das A, Lopes AR, Borrow P, Williams K, and Humphreys E. Cytokines induced during chronic hepatitis B virus infection promotea pathway for NK cell–mediated liver damage. 2007; 204(3):667–80. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem. 20061287 PMID: 17353365
33. Pasquetto V, Guidotti LG, Kakimi K, Tsuji M, and Chisari FV. Host–virus interactions during malaria infection in hepatitis B virus transgenic mice. The Journal of experimental medicine. 2000; 192(4):529– 36. PMID: 10952722
34. Brown AE, Mongkolsirichaikul D, Innis B, Snitbhan R, and Webster HK. Falciparum malaria modulates viremia in chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1992; 166(6):1465–6. PMID: 1431272