ABSTRACT:
Digitalis purpurea is an important medicinal plant belonging to the family Plantaginaceae and is widely recognized for its significant therapeutic value in cardiovascular disorders. The plant has been extensively used as a natural source of cardiac glycosides, particularly digitoxin and digoxin-related compounds, which exert potent effects on cardiac muscle contraction and electrical activity. Due to its rich phytochemical composition, Digitalis purpurea has attracted considerable attention in pharmacological research. The plant contains various bioactive constituents including cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, saponins, phenolic compounds, and other secondary metabolites that contribute to its diverse medicinal properties. Pharmacological investigations have demonstrated cardiotonic, antiarrhythmic, antioxidant, and mild diuretic effects, supporting its traditional and clinical applications in the management of congestive heart failure and certain cardiac rhythm disorders. However, despite its therapeutic importance, the plant possesses a narrow therapeutic index, and even slight variations in dosage may lead to toxicity. Overdose or improper administration can result in adverse effects such as nausea, vomiting, visual disturbances, bradycardia, and potentially life-threatening arrhythmias. Therefore, careful monitoring of serum levels and strict dosage regulation are essential for safe therapeutic use. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the botanical characteristics, phytochemical constituents, pharmacological activities, therapeutic applications, and toxicological profile of Digitalis purpurea. Furthermore, it highlights recent advances in research and explores future perspectives for the development of safer and more effective cardiac drugs derived from this plant source with emphasis on improving therapeutic index and minimizing toxicity through modern drug delivery and formulation approaches in contemporary clinical practice and research settings..