ABSTRACT:
Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal, commonly known as Ashwagandha or Indian ginseng, is one of the most important medicinal plants used in traditional Ayurvedic medicine for more than 3000 years. It has historically been employed as a rejuvenating tonic (Rasayana) to enhance vitality, promote longevity, and improve resistance to stress. In recent years, scientific interest in Ashwagandha has increased considerably because of its broad spectrum of pharmacological activities and potential therapeutic applications. Various preclinical and clinical studies have demonstrated that Ashwagandha possesses adaptogenic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, neuroprotective, cardio protective, antidiabetic, and reproductive health-promoting properties. These biological activities are mainly attributed to the presence of bioactive constituents such as withanolides, alkaloids, flavonoids, and other phytochemicals. Furthermore, growing evidence suggests its beneficial role in managing stress, anxiety, sleep disorders, cognitive impairment, chronic fatigue, thyroid dysfunction, and enhancement of physical performance. Despite promising outcomes, current evidence remains limited by methodological heterogeneity, variations in dosage regimens, extract standardization, study duration, and relatively small sample sizes. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the Phytochemistry, pharmacological activities, therapeutic potential, and possible mechanisms of action of Withania somnifera, while critically evaluating current scientific evidence and highlighting existing limitations.