ABSTRACT:
Cancer is still one of the leading causes of death worldwide and the limitations of standard cancer treatment have led to increased interest in anticancer activities of phytochemicals. In this respect the medicinal plant Nigella sativa (black cumin) has garnered significant scientific focus due to its wide range of pharmacological effects especially anticancer effects. This article brings together current preclinical and early clinic data investigating the role of N. sativa and one of its main bioactive principle thymoquinone in cancer prevention and therapy. The seeds contain more than 100 phytoconstituents these include quinones, saponins, alkaloids, volatile oils and fatty acids all of which contribute to its bioactivities. Thymoquinone operates by several mechanisms to cause apoptosis through p53 and caspases inhibits cancer cell growth through the PI3K/Akt and MAPK pathways inhibits angiogenesis and metastasis, regulates oxidative stress, and regulates epigenetic targets. There are also synergistic effects with standard chemotherapy to increase efficacy and decrease toxicity. These complex mechanisms would support Nigella sativa as a natural adjuvant for cancer therapy. Future studies should focus on standardizing formulations and transitioning clinical trials to confirm safety and efficacy in a quality-controlled environment and provide the basis for evidence based clinical oncology.