The present investigation concludes that Mimusops elengi flower extract is a suitable and effective biological reducing and stabilizing agent for the green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles. UV–Visible spectroscopy confirmed successful nanoparticle formation with good stability and uniformity. The synthesized Zinc oxide nanoparticles exhibited significant in vitro anti-diabetic activity by effectively inhibiting α-amylase and β-glucosidase enzymes in a concentration-dependent manner, with activity comparable to the standard drug acarbose. These findings suggest that Mimusops elengi flower extract-mediated Zinc oxide nanoparticles possess strong potential as safe, eco-friendly, and effective anti-diabetic nanotherapeutic agents. Further in vivo studies and toxicity evaluations are warranted to validate their clinical applicability and therapeutic usefulness in diabetes management.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The faculty team of Mohammed Sathak AJ College of Pharmacy is acknowledged by the authors for their assistance in this study.
REFERENCES
1. Bayda S, Adeel M, Tuccinardi T, Cordani M, Rizzolio F. The history of nanoscience and nanotechnology: From chemical-physical applications to nanomedicine. Vol. 25, Molecules 2020.
2. Erdoğar N, Gür B, Örgül D. Recent developments of novel nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems for dermal and transdermal applications. Vol. 217, European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 2026.
3. Yusuf A, Almotairy ARZ, Henidi H, Alshehri OY, Aldughaim MS. Nanoparticles as Drug Delivery Systems: A Review of the Implication of Nanoparticles’ Physicochemical Properties on Responses in Biological Systems. Vol. 15, Polymers 2023.
4. Dutta G, Sugumaran A. Bioengineered zinc oxide nanoparticles: Chemical, green, biological fabrication methods and its potential biomedical applications. Vol. 66, Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology 2021.
5. Olaniyan OF, Ariwaodo CA, Ibrahim SO, Atolani O, Kambizi L. Advances in green synthesis and application of nanoparticles from crop residues: A comprehensive review. Vol. 28, Scientific African 2025.
6. Khan J, Ilyas S, Akram B, Ahmad K, Hafeez M, Siddiq M, et al. Zno/NiO coated multi-walled carbon nanotubes for textile dyes degradation. Arabian Journal of Chemistry. 2018; 11(6). DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2017.12.020
7. Pratama AW. Advances in Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles from Crop Residues and Their Application in Sustainable Agriculture: A Review. Journal of Applied Chemical Science International. 2025; 16(2). DOI: 10.56557/jacsi/2025/v16i29709
8. Noah NM, Ndangili PM. Green synthesis of nanomaterials from sustainable materials for biosensors and drug delivery. Sensors International. 2022; 3.DOI: 10.1016/j.sintl.2022.100166
9. Pechyen C, Tangnorawich B, Toommee S, Marks R, Parcharoen Y. Green synthesis of metal nanoparticles, characterization, and biosensing applications. Vol. 5, Sensors International 2024.
10. Keawbankrud W, Techaoei S, Thungmungmee S, Jamkom K, Chamutpong S, Rachawat P, et al. Mimusops elengi Flower Hydroethanolic Extract as A Safe Antioxidant Ingredient for Cosmeceutical Applications. Trends in Sciences. 2025; 22(3). DOI: 10.48048/tis.2025.9261
11. Mamun A, Easmin S, Ahmed A, Ansary MRH, Bary W, Zaman MS, et al. Evaluation of α-Amylase Inhibitory, Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Activities of Mimusops elengi Seeds. Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal. 2022; 25(1). DOI: 10.3329/bpj.v25i1.57836
12. Zahid H, Rizwani GH, Shareef H, Mahmud S, Ali T. Hypoglycemic and Hypolipidemic Effects of Mimusops elengi Linn Extracts on Normoglycaemic and Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats [Internet]. Vol. 3, International Journal of Pharmaceutical & Biological Archives 2012 [cited. Available from: www.ijpba.info
13. Mahajan M, Kumar S, Gaur J, Kaushal S, Dalal J, Singh G, et al. Green synthesis of Zinc oxide nanoparticles using Justicia adhatoda for photocatalytic degradation of malachite green and reduction of 4-nitrophenol. RSC Adv. 2025; 15(4). DOI: 10.1039/d4ra08632e
14. Nkemzi AQ, Okaiyeto K, Oyenihi O, Opuwari CS, Ekpo OE, Oguntibeju OO. Antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and cytotoxicity potentials of green-synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles using the aqueous extract of Helichrysum cymosum. 3 Biotech. Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH; 2024; 14(12). DOI: 10.1007/s13205-024-04125-0
15. Ruangtong J, T-Thienprasert J, T-Thienprasert NP. Green synthesized Zinc oxide nanosheets from banana peel extract possess anti-bacterial activity and anti-cancer activity. Mater Today Commun. 2020; 24. DOI: 10.1016/j.mtcomm.2020.101224
16. Sekar A, JothiMurugan P, Shanmugam G, Gassoumi B, Al-Ansari MM, Srinivasan P, et al. Green Synthesis and Characterization of Zinc oxide Nanoparticles Using Crinum Asiaticum Leaf Extracts for Biomedical Applications. Luminescence. 2025; 40(4). DOI: 10.1002/bio.70158
17. Khan MS, Sultana S, Akram M. Green synthesis, characterization and antidiabetic effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized using aqueous extract of Cydonia graveolens. Pak J Pharm Sci. 2025; 38(5). DOI: 10.36721/PJPS.2025.38.5.REG.13884.1
18. Hussien NA, Khalil MAEF, Schagerl M, Ali SS. Green Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles as a Promising Nanomedicine Approach for Anticancer, Antibacterial, and Anti-Inflammatory Therapies. Int J Nanomedicine. Dove Medical Press Ltd; 2025; 20:4299–317. DOI: 10.2147/IJN.S507214
19. Akanda MR, Hasan MF, Al-Amin M. Green Synthesis and Characterization of ZnO Nanoparticles Using Brunfelsia americana Leaf Extract: Isotherm, Kinetics, Thermodynamic Insights and Reusability into Malachite Green Dye Removal from Aqueous Solutions. S Afr J Chem Eng. 2026; 55. DOI: 10.1016/j.sajce.2025.10.001
20. Malik AR, Sharif S, Shaheen F, Khalid M, Iqbal Y, Faisal A, et al. Green synthesis of RGO-ZnO mediated Ocimum basilicum leaves extract nanocomposite for antioxidant, antibacterial, antidiabetic and photocatalytic activity. Journal of Saudi Chemical Society. 2022; 26 (2). DOI: 10.1016/j.jscs.2022.101438
21. Bizuayehu T, Kassaw B, Kendie M. Green synthesis, characterization, and antibacterial activity investigation of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Rumex Nervosus Vahl Leaf extract. Results Chem. Elsevier B.V.; 2025:13 DOI: 10.1016/j.rechem.2025.102046
22. Nandhini J, Karthikeyan E, Sheela M, Bellarmin M, Gokula Kannan B, Pavithra A, et al. Optimization of Microwave-Assisted Green Synthesis of Zinc oxide nanoparticles Using Ocimum americanum and Euphorbia hirta Extracts ; In Vitro Evaluation of Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Antibacterial, Cytotoxicity, and Wound Healing Properties. Intelligent Pharmacy. 2024; DOI: 10.1016/j.ipha.2024.09.003
23. Murali G, Shanmugam R, Manigandan P, Jayakodi S. Evaluation of antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory action of selenium nanoparticles mediated through aspalathus linearis - An in vitro study.
24. Vallinayaki KN, Shanmugam R. Evaluation of Antidiabetic Activity and Cytotoxic Effect of Strontium Nanoparticles Synthesized Using Mimosa Pudica.J Pharm Bioallied Sci. Wolters Kluwer Medknow Publications; 2024:16 (Suppl 2):S1340–4. DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_583_23
25. Abbigeri MB, Thokchom B, Singh SR, Bhavi SM, Harini BP, Yarajarla RB. Antioxidant and anti-diabetic potential of the green synthesized silver nanoparticles using Martynia annua L. root extract. Nano TransMed. KeAi Publishing Communications Ltd.; 2025; 4 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntm.2025.100070